Spring Show

Spring Season Gardening Show, Exhibition, Markets, Celebration, and Party Events with Best 100 plus, updates, upgrade, newest, advance, Export, and Professional People, Products, Services, Information for Four Seasons Living, Learning, Working, Socializing, Networking, Gardening, Farming, Growing plus best Books, eBooks, Water, Greens, Flowers, Fruits, Vegetables, Products, and Services plus lots of Promotional Contents, Samples, entertainments, Free for all Visitors

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Four Seasons Party Shows, Exhibitions, Markets plus

4 times a year, 40 times on 10 year and 400 times each 100 year

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21 March Spring Seasons Party Shows, Exhibitions, Markets plus

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6 Am to 12 pm Earth environment, foods, and four Season Gardening Specials [ with 1 hour presentation by astronauts from Space station about Earth ]

12 Pm to 6 pm Sun and Sunshine and energy Specials [ with 1 hour presentation by astronauts from Space station about Sun ]

6 Pm to 12 am moon and Full moon Specials [ with 1 hour presentation by astronauts from Space station about Moon]

12 Am to 6 am Stars, sky and space specials [ with 1 hour presentation by astronauts from Space station about Stars ]

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Spring Gardening

Best 100 Spring Gardening Books, eBooks, Information, Flowers, Fruits, Vegetables, Products and Services
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(This page is in developments )

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Rose And Flower Gardens

Best 100 Four Seasons Roses and Flowers, eBooks, Books, Videos, Music, Gifts, Products, Services, Information, and Honey plus lots of Promotional Contents Free for all Visitors

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+ Flower Gardens Best 100 Flowers Garden

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This page is in developments, coming soon?

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Four Seasons Gardens

+ Four Seasons Gardening

Spring gardening

Summer Gardening

Fall Gardening

+ Winter Gardening

Water and Drinking Water

Sunshine energy or Fire

Air and  Weathers

Soil  and Foods

Green Vegetables Growing and Using

Roses and Flowers Gardens Specially Rosy

Flowers Gardens

Saffron Flower

Persian Gardens

India Gardens

Full Moon Celebration

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All new, advance, upgrade, updates, the best Professional and Export People, Products, Services, and Information

for Four Seasons Living, Gardening, Farming, Growing plus

For Smart eBooks Reading Smartphone, Tablets, Laptops, Desktop Computers, Robots, AI, Information Technology

Four Seasons Party Shows, Exhibitions, Markets plus

4 times a year, 40 times on 10 year and 400 times each 100 year

++++ Best Shows For 21th Century 21 day of seasonal months ++++

21 March Spring Seasons Party Shows, Exhibitions, Markets plus

21 June Summer Seasons Party Shows, Exhibitions, Markets plus

21 September Fall Seasons Party Shows, Exhibitions, Markets plus

21 December Winter Seasons Party Shows, Exhibitions, Markets plus

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+ 14th of the month Full moon monthly Party Shows, Exhibitions, Markets plus 10 or 12 a year 100 each 10 year [ each with chosen theme by voting to choose topic of the month + now only suggesting for nomination ]

24 hours show, starts from

A harvest moon. Its orange color is due to greater Rayleigh scattering as the moon appears close above the horizon, rather than being unique to harvest moons.[14]

6 Am to 12 pm Earth and foods and four Season Gardening Specials

12 Pm to 6 pm Sun and Sunshine and energy Specials

6 Pm to 12 am Full moon Specials

12 Am to 6 am Stars, sky and space specials

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The full Moon of 22 October 2010, as seen through a 235 mm (9.25 in) Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope. This full Moon was near its northernmost ecliptic latitude (or northern lunistice), so the southern craters are especially prominent and cast shadows visible from Earth.

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5+ May

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Water And Drinking Water

Best 100 Water and Drinking Water Books, eBooks, Information, Products and Services
plus lots of Promotional Contents, Free for all Visitorshttps://www.youtube.com/embed/yHb2pA2Pst8?feature=oembed

TSK-24The World’s Most Beautiful Waterfalls. Can you name the waterfalls in this video?https://www.youtube.com/embed/-i8NLk4rerM?feature=oembed

Water Mountain (HD1080p) MrBangthamai

https://www.youtube.com/embed/ufZoZzDjjzE?feature=oembedNIAGARA FALLS – ONTARIO, CANADA 4K Jacek Zarzycki
Niagara Falls – Ontario , Canada. Best Things To Do/See When You Visiting Niagara Falls City: Horseshoe Falls 01:00 American Falls 05:00 Hornblower Niagara Cruise 11:55 Skylon Tower 05:55 Clifton Hill Street 16:45 Niagara Whirlpool 09:00#niagarafallshttps://www.youtube.com/embed/f163trrtsuY?feature=oembed

TSK-24Top 70 Beautiful Autumn Waterfall in the World

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The Top Ten The Top Ten Most Beautiful Aquatic Plants In The World 10-Golden Club (Orontium aquaticum) 09-Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris) 08-Water Hawthorn (Aponogeton distachyos) 07-Waterpoppy (Hydrocleys nymphoides) 06-Pickerel Weed (Pontederia cordata) 05-Pygmy Water Lily (Nymphaea tetragona) 04-Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) 03-Water Snowflake (Nymphoides indica) 02-Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) 01-Blue Water Lily (Nymphaea capensis)

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Picturesque water (HD1080p) MrBangthamai

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Best Waterparks In The World Talltanic It’s summertime and that means you need to get your swimming and splashing in before it gets cold again. Here’s some of the wildest water parks in the world you can visit!

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Top 100 Longest Bridges in the World 

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This page is in development, more info coming soon?https://www.youtube.com/embed/yKjFYwDqLh8?feature=oembed

Countries Are Building Economic Empires By Controlling The Worlds Water Supply

by Jack Chapple

What factor do you think contributes the most to the rise and fall of civilizations? Is it war? the economy? Maybe its disease? Well, those are all wrong. The largest contributing factor that has determined which countries are superpowers, and which countries fade into darkness, is the access to Water. And this is something that most people may not think about, as nowadays…you simply turn on a tap, and water comes out. But how it gets to your tap in the first place, is one of the best indicators in determining the success of a country. And in fact, we might be seeing the creation of some water empires, right before our very eyes. Why are cities located where they are? Some factors that determined where people settled in the past were things like access to trade routes, nearby valuable resources, and the fertility of the land. But by far the biggest factor was the proximity of the city to a freshwater source. That is why today roughly 90% of the worlds population lives within 10 kilometres of a freshwater source. Even if many of those water sources are running dry. But we will get to that in a second. Right now the 18 largest cities in Europe are located on or near a major water source. And this same pattern has been shown throughout most of history. For example, Uruk was a city located in present day Iraq. In 3500 BC, it was the largest city in the world with 40 000 inhabitants. And for thousands of years, it was an economic and cultural powerhouse of the world. That was until its key water source, the Euphrates river, began to shift. Around 100 AD the river began to flow away from Uruk, and by 700AD, the river had moved so far away… that the once massive city… was completely abandoned. Ironically, the remains of the city, are now located right next to the new Euphrates river, which supplies many cities in modern day Iraq with freshwater. And a similar story can be told for the once great Mayan empire. From the year 200AD to 900AD. The Mayans had built up a sprawling civilization that had 40 cities, and reached a population of about 2 million people. But then, the Yucatan penninsula, which is where the Mayans were located, went through a series of droughts. Many historians believe that these droughts were the largest reason why the Mayan empire collapsed, and left behind ancient cities, temples, and wonders. And lastly, it is theorized that a lack of water supply contributed to the downfall of other civilizations. like the Khmer empire in the 1400’s… the Ancient Egyptians around 30 BCE… Parts of europe in the 1500’s… and the megadrought that occurred nearly 100 000 years ago which forced humans to migrate out of africa, and settle in Europe and Asia. What I am trying to say is that a lack of freshwater supply tends to be correlated with the rise and fall of civilizations. But then a strange thing happened. Once the technology of human civilization advanced, we began creating new ways to access fresh water. The most important one today is ground water. You see, when you look at the earth, roughly 97% of the water is salt water which is undrinkable for humans. Roughly 2% of the earths water is frozen in ice. And only 1% of the water on earth is freshwater that humans find useful. But even that is a misleading number. Because only 30% of the freshwater on earth is located on the surface with things like lakes and rivers. 70% of the freshwater on earth is actually located underground, which is called ground water. But humans for millennia did not have the technology to extract large quantities of water from the ground. Even though small wells were used to extract groundwater, back in 8000 BC, the population was still largely reliant upon being close to a river or lake. But that was then, and this is now. In the world today, there are 34 countries and territories, without any rivers. The most notable on this list is Saudi Arabia. In fact, if you were to look at Saudia Arabia using satellite imagery, you will see that there are no major sources of freshwater at all, as most of the country seems to be covered in mountains, dunes, and deserts. And the same can be said for other countries like Yemen, Libya, The United Arab Emirates, and Qatar. End of Transcript. Too long for description.

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Water (Classical Element)

From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Https://Wiki2.Org/En/Water_(Classical_element)
Classical elements
Stoicheion (στοιχεῖον)
Greek Air WaterAetherFire Earth 
Tattva / Panchikarana / Mahābhūta
Hinduism / Jainism / Buddhism Vayu ApAkashaAgni Prithvi 
Wuxing (五行)

Chinese Wood (木) Water (水) Fire (火)Metal (金)Earth (土)

Godai (五大)
Japanese Air (風) Water (水)Void (空)Fire (火) Earth (地) 

Bön
Tibetan Air WaterAetherFire Earth 

Alchemy
Medieval Air  Water AetherFire  Earth Sulphur MercurySalt 

Water is one of the el­e­ments in an­cient Greek phi­los­o­phy, in the Asian In­dian sys­tem Pan­chama­hab­huta, and in the Chi­nese cos­mo­log­i­cal and phys­i­o­log­i­cal sys­tem Wu Xing. In con­tem­po­rary es­o­teric tra­di­tions, it is com­monly as­so­ci­ated with the qual­i­ties of emo­tion and in­tu­ition.https://www.youtube.com/embed/ChxvN4WjxWg?feature=oembed

Contents

Greek And Roman Tradition

Water was one of many ar­chai pro­posed by the Pre-so­crat­ics, most of whom tried to re­duce all things to a sin­gle sub­stance. How­ever, Empe­do­cles of Acra­gas (c. 495 – c. 435 BC) se­lected four ar­chai for his four roots: airfire, water and earth. Empe­do­cles roots be­came the four clas­si­cal el­e­ments of Greek phi­los­o­phy. Plato (427–347 BC) took over the four el­e­ments of Empe­do­cles. In the Timaeus, his major cos­mo­log­i­cal di­a­logue, the Pla­tonic solid as­so­ci­ated with water is the icosa­he­dron which is formed from twenty equi­lat­eral tri­an­gles. This makes water the el­e­ment with the great­est num­ber of sides, which Plato re­garded as ap­pro­pri­ate be­cause water flows out of one’s hand when picked up, as if it is made of tiny lit­tle balls.

Plato’s stu­dent Aris­to­tle (384–322 BC) de­vel­oped a dif­fer­ent ex­pla­na­tion for the el­e­ments based on pairs of qual­i­ties. The four el­e­ments were arranged con­cen­tri­cally around the cen­ter of the Uni­verse to form the sub­lu­nary sphere. Ac­cord­ing to Aris­to­tle, water is both cold and wet and oc­cu­pies a place be­tween air and earth among the el­e­men­tal spheres.Alchemical symbol for water

In an­cient Greek med­i­cine, each of the four hu­mours be­came as­so­ci­ated with an el­e­ment. Phlegm was the humor iden­ti­fied with water, since both were cold and wet. Other things as­so­ci­ated with water and phlegm in an­cient and me­dieval med­i­cine in­cluded the sea­son of Win­ter, since it in­creased the qual­i­ties of cold and mois­ture, the phleg­matic tem­pera­ment, the fem­i­nine and the west­ern point of the com­pass.

In alchemy, the chem­i­cal el­e­ment of mer­cury was often as­so­ci­ated with water and its al­chem­i­cal sym­bol was a down­ward-point­ing tri­an­gle.

Indian Tradition

Main article: Ap (water)

Ap (áp-) is the Vedic San­skrit term for water, in Clas­si­cal San­skrit oc­cur­ring only in the plural is not an el­e­ment.v, āpas (some­times re-analysed as a the­matic sin­gu­lar, āpa-), whence Hindi āp. The term is from PIE hxap water.

In Hindu phi­los­o­phy, the term refers to water as an el­e­ment, one of the Pan­chama­hab­huta, or “five great el­e­ments”. In Hin­duism, it is also the name of the deva, a per­son­i­fi­ca­tion of water, (one of the Vasus in most later Pu­ranic lists). The el­e­ment water is also as­so­ci­ated with Chan­dra or the moon and Shukra, who rep­re­sent feel­ings, in­tu­ition and imag­i­na­tion.

Ceremonial Magic

Water and the other Greek clas­si­cal el­e­ments were in­cor­po­rated into the Golden Dawn system. The el­e­men­tal weapon of water is the cup. Each of the el­e­ments has sev­eral as­so­ci­ated spir­i­tual be­ings. The archangel of water is Gabriel, the angel is Tal­i­a­had, the ruler is Thar­sis, the king is Nichsa and the water el­e­men­tals are called Ondines. It is re­ferred to the upper right point of the pen­ta­gram in the Supreme In­vok­ing Rit­ual of the Pentagram. Many of these as­so­ci­a­tions have since spread through­out the oc­cult com­mu­nity.

Modern Witchcraft

Water is one of the five el­e­ments that ap­pear in most Wic­can tra­di­tions. Wicca in par­tic­u­lar was in­flu­enced by the Golden Dawn sys­tem of magic and Aleis­ter Crow­ley‘s mys­ti­cism, which was in turn in­spired by the Golden Dawn.

YouTube Encyclopedic 

  • ✪ Spirit Science 18 ~ The Four Elements
  • ✪ Fire, Earth, Air And Water Which Element Rules Your Being
  • ✪ The Water Element in Your Personality – Part 1 – Rebbetzin Rochel Silber

See Also

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The Mystical Secrets Of Water – Sadhguru

Sadhguru gives us insights into lesser known dimensions of water, in this in-depth look into this unique substance.

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Long-term mean precipitation by month

Earth rainfall climatology Is the study of rainfall, a sub-field of meteorology. Formally, a wider study includes water falling as ice crystals, i.e. hail, sleet, snow (parts of the hydrological cycle known as precipitation). The aim of rainfall climatology is to measure, understand and predict rain distribution across different regions of planet Earth, a factor of air pressurehumiditytopographycloud type and raindrop size, via direct measurement and remote sensing data acquisition. Current technologies accurately predict rainfall 3–4 days in advance using numerical weather predictionGeostationary orbiting satellites gather IR and visual wavelength data to measure realtime localised rainfall by estimating cloud albedo, water content, and the corresponding probability of rain. Geographic distribution of rain is largely governed by climate type, topography and habitat humidity. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes. The urban heat island effect leads to increased rainfall, both in amounts and intensity, downwind of cities. Warming may also cause changes in the precipitation pattern globally, including wetter conditions at high latitudes and in some wet tropical areas.[1] Precipitation is a major component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres (121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year; 398,000 cubic kilometres (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans.[2] Given the Earth‘s surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres (39 in). Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Reade more: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://wiki2.org/en/Earth_rainfall_climatology

Updated Köppen-Geiger climate map[4]      Af   Am   Aw       BWh   BWk   BSh   BSk       Csa   Csb       Cwa   Cwb       Cfa   Cfb   Cfc       Dsa   Dsb   Dsc   Dsd       Dwa   Dwb   Dwc   Dwd       Dfa   Dfb   Dfc   Dfd       ET   EF
A map of Africa showing the ecological break around the Sahara
g

Tropospheric cloud classification by altitude of occurrence. Multi-level and vertical genus-types not limited to a single altitude level include nimbostratus, cumulonimbus, and some of the larger cumulus species.

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Top 10 largest Rivers of The World Top 10 Clipz Rivers have long contributed to the rise of great civilizations, even now they provide much needed shipping routes and irrigation of crops, not to mention they are great sources of fish and hydroelectric power. We count down a list of the top 10 largest rivers in the world. Number 10: The Lena River Number 9: The Amur-Argun River Number 8: The Congo River Number 7: The Paraná River Number 6: The Ob-Irtysh River Number 5: The Yellow River Number 4: The Yenisei River Number 3: The Yangtze River Number 2: The River Nile Number 1: The Amazon River

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Can Sea Water Desalination Save The World? 2019 CNBC Today, one out of three people don’t have access to safe drinking water. And that’s the result of many things, but one of them is that 96.5% of that water is found in our oceans. It’s saturated with salt, and undrinkable. Most of the freshwater is locked away in glaciers or deep underground. Less than one percent of it is available to us. So why can’t we just take all that seawater, filter out the salt, and have a nearly unlimited supply of clean, drinkable water?

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How Israel became a leader in water use in the Middle East PBS NewsHour Over the past few years in Israel, the country’s water shortage has become a surplus. Through a combination of conservation, reuse and desalination, the country now has more water than it needs. And that could translate to political progress for the country in the Middle East, one of the most water-stressed regions in the world. NewsHour’s Martin Fletcher reports.

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10 Most POWERFUL Dams In The World! World List Dams are spectacular feats of engineering that many of us take for granted. They are there to control mother nature and change the course of rivers and store water to produce energy. From dams in Russia, China, the United States and more, join me as I reveal to you 10 of the most powerful dams in the world!https://www.youtube.com/embed/T1pRxNTHvMU?feature=oembed

Drinking Water

From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Https://Wiki2.Org/En/Drinking_water
Tap water is drinking water supplied through indoor plumbing for home use

Tap water is drinking water supplied through indoor plumbing for home use

Drink­ing water, also known as potable water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food prepa­ra­tion. The amount of drink­ing water re­quired to main­tain good health varies, and de­pends on phys­i­cal ac­tiv­ity level, age, health-re­lated is­sues, and en­vi­ron­men­tal conditions.[1] Amer­i­cans, on av­er­age, drink one litre of water per day and 95% drink less than three litres per day.[2] For those who work in a hot cli­mate, up to 16 litres a day may be required.[1]

Typ­i­cally in de­vel­oped coun­tries, tap water meets drink­ing water qual­ity stan­dards, even though only a small pro­por­tion is ac­tu­ally con­sumed or used in food prepa­ra­tion. Other typ­i­cal uses in­clude wash­ing, toi­lets, and ir­ri­ga­tionGrey­wa­ter may also be used for toi­lets or ir­ri­ga­tion. Its use for ir­ri­ga­tion how­ever may be as­so­ci­ated with risks.[3] Water may also be un­ac­cept­able due to lev­els of tox­ins or sus­pended solids. Read more : https://wiki2.org/en/Drinking_waterhttps://www.youtube.com/embed/P5vJ_AkBjP0?feature=oembed

Drinking Water Contaminant Categories Paul Cochrane Water makes up approximately 60% of a typical adult male’s body. The percentage is slightly lower in adult females, but is even higher in babies and young children. Water serves a number of essential functions and is a vital component of every cell in the human body. Access to clean water is a crucial ingredient for a healthy life. Unfortunately, not everyone has access to drinking water that is free of contaminants that could cause health concerns. The Safe Drinking Water Act defines the term “contaminant” as meaning any physical, chemical, biological or radiological substance or matter in water. Therefore, the law defines “contaminant” very broadly as being anything other than water molecules.

body river surrounded by dress
Drinking Water: A History (Revised Edition)

Drinking Water: A History (Revised Edition) Paperpack $ 16.95

When we turn on the tap or twist open a tall plastic bottle, we probably don’t give a second thought about where our drinking water comes from. But how it gets from the ground to the glass is far more convoluted than we might think.In this revised edition of Drinking Water, Duke University professor and environmental policy expert James Salzman shows how drinking water highlights the most pressing issues of our time. He adds eye-opening, contemporary examples about our relationship to and consumption of water, and a new chapter about the atrocities that occurred in Flint, Michigan. Provocative, insightful, and engaging, Drinking Water shows just how complex a simple glass of water can be.

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Water: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power, and Civilization

Water: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power, and Civilization Paperback – Illustrated

Paperback $14.59

Far more than oil, the control of water wealth throughout history has been pivotal to the rise and fall of great powers, the achievements of civilization, the transformations of society’s vital habitats, and the quality of ordinary daily lives. Today, freshwater scarcity is one of the twenty-first century’s decisive, looming challenges, driving new political, economic, and environmental realities across the globe.

In Water, Steven Solomon offers the first-ever narrative portrait of the power struggles, personalities, and breakthroughs that have shaped humanity from antiquity’s earliest civilizations through the steam-powered Industrial Revolution and America’s century. Meticulously researched and masterfully written, Water is a groundbreaking account of man’s most critical resource in shaping human destinies, from ancient times to our dawning age of water scarcity.

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The Big Thirst: The Secret Life and Turbulent Future of Water
The Big Thirst: The Secret Life And Turbulent Future Of Water Paperback

by Charles Fishman  (Author) Paperback $7.40

Praised as “an entertaining and torrential flow of a book” by Nature magazine, The Big Thirstis a startling examination of the passing of the golden age of water and the shocking facts about how water scarcity will soon be a major factor in our lives.

The water coming out of your kitchen tap is four billion years old and might well have been sipped by a Tyrannosaurus rex. Rather than only three states of water—liquid, ice, and vapor—there is a fourth, “molecular water,” fused into rock 400 miles deep in the Earth, and that’s where most of the planet’s water is found. Unlike most precious resources, water cannot be used up; it can always be made clean enough again to drink—indeed, water can be made so clean that it’s toxic. Water is the most vital substance in our lives but also more amazing and mysterious than we appreciate. As Charles Fishman brings vibrantly to life in this surprising and mind-changing narrative, water runs our world in a host of awe-inspiring ways, yet we take it completely for granted. But the era of easy water is over.

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A Field Guide to Clean Drinking Water: How to Find, Assess, Treat, and Store It
A Field Guide To Clean Drinking Water: How To Find, Assess, Treat, And Store It Paperback – August 20, 2019

Paperback $12.49 Kindle $9.45

How to find and prepare safe drinking water—anywhere, any time!

Clean drinking water may be the last thing we think about day to day—but it’s the first thing we need in an emergency. Now, survival expert and biologist Joe Vogel explains how to find, treat, and store safe drinking water—even in the most extreme conditions. A Field Guide to Clean Drinking Water includes information about:

  • The role of water in the body and how to calculate your water requirement
  • Plants, geographical features, and more indicators that signal the presence of water
  • How to collect dew and precipitation, and extract water from plants
  • How to screen “raw water” for bacteria, pesticides, and other contaminants
  • Every purifying method from boiling techniques to chemical disinfection
  • And storage options that meet every need.

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The Prepper's Water Survival Guide: Harvest, Treat, and Store Your Most Vital Resource

The Prepper’s Water Survival Guide: Harvest, Treat, and Store Your…Daisy LutherPaperback $10.06

NO SOURCE IS LEFT UNTAPPED IN THIS ALL-ENCOMPASSING GUIDE TO SUPPLYING LIFE-SAVING WATER AFTER A DISASTERYou can survive up to three weeks without food, but only three days without water! 

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Harvesting H2o: A prepper's guide to the collection, treatment, and storage of drinking water while living off the grid.
Harvesting H2o: A Prepper’s Guide To The Collection, Treatment, And Storage Of Drinking Water While Living Off The Grid. Paperback

Kindle $3.73 Paperback $13.95

How to find, purify, filter, and store clean drinking water is of primary importance to preppers and off-grid homesteaders. Water is the element that sustains all life, but most of the earth’s surface water is unsafe for human consumption. Nicholas Hyde’s latest work may well become the most important reference book in your survival kit.

Learn how to drill your own well using hand tools, how to properly harvest rainwater, how to find water in the wild, and what to do with your infinitely renewable water supply once you have established it. Topics covered include:

• The Dangers of Drinking Wild Water

• Purifying Water at Home

• Building Your Own Water Filter

• Home Distillation

• Land-Based Marine Water Makers

• Drilling Your Own Well

• Collecting Rainwater

• Other Sources of Water in the Wild

• Practical Water Storage Solutions

• Other Interesting Water Gadgets

The information in this book is timeless and professionally edited. Order Harvesting H2o today and take the single most important step towards sustainable living.

body river surrounded by dress
https://youtube.com/watch?v=zofBinqC2F4%3Ffeature%3Doembed

4K Relaxing River – Ultra HD Nature Video – Water Stream & Birdsong Sounds – Sleep/Study/Meditate TheSilentWatcher

three person swimming on pool

Water filter

From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
A large-scale flocculation water filter

A large-scale flocculation water filter

water filter re­moves im­pu­ri­ties by low­er­ing con­t­a­m­i­na­tion of water using a fine phys­i­cal bar­rier, a chem­i­cal process, or a bi­o­log­i­cal process. Fil­ters cleanse water to dif­fer­ent ex­tents for pur­poses such as pro­vid­ing agri­cul­tural ir­ri­ga­tion, ac­ces­si­ble drink­ing water, pub­lic and pri­vate aquar­i­ums, and the safe use of ponds and swim­ming pools. Read more: https://wiki2.org/en/Water_filter

Water purifier

Water purifier

waterfalls surrounded by trees at daytime
man kneeling near flowing water time lapse photo during cloudy day

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Does Alkaline Water Actually Improve Your Health?

Dr. Oz investigates the real benefits of alkaline water compared to regular water. Plus, family physician Dr. Jennifer Caudle shares the ingredients in alkaline water. Find out if it actually changes the pH in your blood.

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Here’s what’s in your bottled water (Marketplace)

CBC News Ever wonder what’s lurking in your bottled water? Marketplace asked a lab to test five of the top-selling brands of bottled water in Canada, and microplastics were found in all of them. To read more: http://cbc.ca/1.4575045

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6 Reasons You’ve Been Drinking Water Wrong BRIGHT SIDE How much water should you drink? All humans need water to survive. In fact, two-thirds of your body is comprised of the stuff. While drinking water is undoubtedly part of your daily diet, there are ways it can actually be harmful. You may be drinking it incorrectly all the time without even knowing it. Do you drink water while you’re on the go, standing, walking, and even running? This easy habit can wreak havoc on your body! Specifically on your body’s filtration system, aka your kidneys. Do you drink water immediately after a big meal? That’s not good for your body either! So, guys, we’re going to tell you about how to get the most from your water intake! TIMESTAMPS: Chugging water like there’s no tomorrow 0:41 Drinking water immediately after a big meal 2:33 Drinking ice-cold H20 3:54 Drinking water on the go 5:02 Drinking water at the end of your morning routine 6:10 Skipping a glass of water before bed 7:01#healthyhabits#unhealthyhabits#drinkingwater Music by Epidemic Sound https://www.epidemicsound.com/ SUMMARY: – According to Dr. Leonard Smith, a gastrointestinal, vascular, and general surgeon, slowly sipping 2 to 3 oz of water at a time throughout your day should do the trick. – If you’re really thirsty after a workout, for example, or spending time outside and feel the need to chug copious amounts of water, you can potentially die from something called hyponatremia. – When your body starts to digest food, gastric juices work hard to break down the foods. If you drink tons of water while this is all happening, it can dilute the gastric juices and cause insulin levels to rise. – Drinking chilled water can shrink your blood vessels and disrupt the digestion process? It can also cause you to hold on to unwanted fat since cold temperatures solidify fat in the food you eat. – If you’re standing or walking around while you drink, you’re likely to do it faster, which, as you learned earlier, is bad for your digestion and overall health. – Even though it might be challenging, try giving yourself a little time to sit down and sip on some water a few times a day. Even if it’s just 5 minutes, it can benefit your health. – By not drinking water first thing after waking up, even before brushing your teeth, you are depriving yourself of health benefits. – According to a study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology in 2002, water and other fluids can aid in the prevention of fatal coronary heart disease. – Drinking water just before bed can help improve circulation during the night. Since heart attacks are more likely to occur in the morning, this fluid intake at night is incredibly important.

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TOP 10 BEST WATER BOTTLES ON AMAZON 2020 Survival Gear TOP 10 BEST WATER BOTTLES ON AMAZON 2020 Are you looking for the best water bottles on Amazon of 2020? These are some of the best water bottles

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Nalgene Lid Wide Mouth Loop-Top Water Bottle
Nalgene Lid Wide Mouth Loop-Top Water Bottle
Price:$10.98

The original. The trailblazer. The Sir Edmund of water bottles. Nalgene’s BESTSELLING water bottle for more than 30 years.
For Your Everyday Adventures! Take your Nalgene bottle to the gym, office, camping, exploring and everywhere in between.
This Nalgene water bottle is completely leak proof, made of virtually indestructible BPA-free Tritan, easy to clean and dishwasher safe on the top rack.
Suitable for both warm and cold beverages (-40 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit); wide mouth makes cleaning and adding ice cubes easy.
Free of BPA, BPS and phthalates, opening accommodates most water filters; marked with milliliters and ounces for easy measurement.

scenery of waterfalls
Brita Metro Pitcher With 1 Filter, 5 Cup, Turquise Price:$19.99

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Santevia Water Systems Alkaline Pitcher – MINA Slim White

Price:
$49.99 + $26.06 Shipping & Import Fees Deposit to Canada Details

Color: White Black$49.99

  • Makes water alkaline
  • Adds healthy minerals Calcium and Magnesium
  • Reduces chlorine and lead by up to 99%
  • Helps burn fat
  • Boosts energy with electrolytes
  • Reduces acid reflux

Price $19.99

section 2
Advanced Water Filter
Alkaline Water Filter Pitcher MINA

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Santevia Gravity Water System – Countertop Model (With Fluoride Filter)
Price:$188.76 + $59.64 Shipping & Import Fees

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bird drinking water
https://youtube.com/watch?v=hrdN5Z5K5Qs%3Ffeature%3Doembed

How much and When to Water the Plants in your Vegetable Garden
Learn Organic Gardening at GrowingYourGreens

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5 Watering Mistakes You’re Probably Making Epic Gardening Watering. One of the most fundamental tasks in the vegetable garden, and also one of the the tasks that new gardeners have the most problems with. In this gardening for beginners guide, we’ll take a look at how to water your plants the right way, as well as cover 5 SUPER common mistakes

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Irrigation
From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Https://Wiki2.Org/En/Irrigation

Irrigation is the process of applying controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than average rainfall. Irrigation also has other uses in crop production, including frost protection,[1] suppressing weed growth in grain fields[2] and preventing soil consolidation.[3] In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed.
Irrigation systems are also used for cooling livestockdust suppression, disposal of sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area.

Irrigation canal in Osmaniye, Turkey

Irrigation canal in OsmaniyeTurkey

Sprinkler irrigation of blueberries in Plainville, New York, United States

Sprinkler irrigation of blueberries in Plainville, New York, United States

Irrigation has been a central feature of agriculture for over 5,000 years and is the product of many cultures. Historically, it was the basis for economies and societies across the globe, from Asia to the Southwestern United States.https://www.youtube.com/embed/nB1pehCqxpA?feature=oembed

10 Best Irrigation Controllers 2019 Ezvid Wiki

Water gardens in sigiriya

Water gardens in sigiriya

Micro-sprinkler
Drip irrigation layout and its parts
Irrigation in Tamil Nadu, India
Crop sprinklers near Rio Vista, California

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Hydrogen (x2), Oxygen

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Annual mean sea surface temperature for the World Ocean. Data from the World Ocean Atlas 2001

water bottle

Water park
(Cyprus)

Продажа питьевой воды.jpg


drinking water

water purification

Water drop symbol

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Access to a secure, safe and sufficient source of fresh water is a fundamental requirement for the survival, well-being and socio-economic development of all humanity. Yet, we continue to act as if fresh water were a perpetually abundant resource. It is not. ~ Kofi Annan

Stones are hollowed out by the constant dropping of water. ~ Ovid

Thousands have lived without love, not one without water. ~ W. H. Auden

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Map of the Earth with a six-metre sea level rise represented in red.

https://www.youtube.com/embed/NpKbULrB9Z8?feature=oembedWaterworld Official Trailer #1 – Kevin Costner Movie (1995) HD

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++++https://www.youtube.com/embed/fqPGCphSi0s?feature=oembedFacts About Global Water Usage and Supply Automation & Controls from GEhttps://www.youtube.com/embed/xe0w7jkJ5bA?feature=oembedGlobal Water Futures – Working together to prepare for the future of our water University of Saskatchewan
Our water is at risk. In Canada and globally, we are facing unprecedented water-related challenges. Canada has some of the world’s highest rates of warming, which impacts infrastructure, institutions, ecosystems and human health. Global Water Futures is finding solutions to those water threats in an era of global change. The University of Saskatchewan-led Canada First Research Excellence Fund Global Water Futures network involves 388 Canadian researchers and 170 partners around the world, including major partners University of Waterloo, Wilfrid Laurier University, and McMaster University. Over the next three years, GWF will fund 33 projects and teams with more than $185 million, and train 84 undergrads and 330 graduate students and post-doctoral fellows. Map data: Google, Data LDEO-Columbia, IBCAO Landsat/Copernicus Data SIO, U.S. Geological Survey INEGI, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO

++++https://www.youtube.com/embed/AFO77hDGbII?feature=oembedOur Freshwater Future | Rosemary Knight | TEDxStanford TEDx Talks
What if we could see through the crust of the earth to locate and measure precious groundwater? It’s no longer necessary to do “exploratory surgery” on the earth, says Knight, whose team uses satellites to track fresh water. Relying on the most sophisticated new measurement tools, Knight predicts and explains our fresh water future.https://www.youtube.com/embed/SjC23PGZafI?feature=oembedThe Future of Water: Mark Owen at TEDxOSU TEDx Talks
Mark Owen is an OSU Mechanical Engineering graduate and has a Masters of Technology in Advanced Manufacturing from the University of Limerick Ireland. He is an inventor and entrepreneur, and was the founder of both Phoseon Technology and Puralytics. Puralytics has developed a water purification technology and products which are sustainable and have applications in both here and in the developing world. Puralytics has won numerous global awards for their technology and products. Mark Owen will discuss the future of water and how new technology will be required sustain it.https://www.youtube.com/embed/ezZi-ECSFgA?feature=oembedWater Quality and Future Generations: Deb Swackhamer at TEDxUMN TEDx Talks
Dr. Deborah L. Swackhamer is Professor in Science, Technology, and Public Policy in the Hubert H, Humphrey School of Public Affairs, and Co-Director of the University’s Water Resources Center. She also is Professor in Environmental Health Sciences in the School of Public Health, and is trained as an environmental chemist. She joined the Minnesota faculty in 1987.https://www.youtube.com/embed/NSL_xx2Qnyc?feature=oembedWater: Think Again | Kaveh Madani | TEDxKish TEDx Talks
WATER. It’s the most essential and pervasive element of life. Yet, nearly half of humanity will face water scarcity by 2030 due to climate change and population growth. What can be done about the looming crisis of a global drought? Could water scarcity spark war as world leaders have already predicted? In this bold and hopeful TEDx talk, Kaveh Madani shares a different approach to the water crisis, one that promotes thinking and possibilities as fresh as clean water. Dr. Kaveh Madani is a systems analyst, game theorist, and engineering and policy educator who investigates the dynamic complexities of coupled human-natural systems.https://www.youtube.com/embed/7URYYiNdbXQ?feature=oembedThe Struggle To Keep Water Flowing To Your Cities | How Cities Work | Spark
This episode reveals a look at how cities across the world provide water to billions of people – a challenge that becomes more and more complex with every passing year. Over half of the world’s population live in cities, a figure that’s set to rise by two thirds by 2050. Each city’s infrastructure is under pressure to provide for an ever-increasing population. This series looks at the ingenious engineering that enables cities across the globe to function.https://www.youtube.com/embed/WorxCpQb-yY?feature=oembedWater: The Shape Shifter | Richard Hammond’s: Wild Weather | Spark
Richard Hammond investigates the crucial role water plays. Without water, there would be almost no weather: no rain, no snow, no hail, no clouds. So Richard goes in pursuit of water in all its forms. He tries to weigh a cloud, finds out how rain could crush a car, and gets involved in starting an avalanche.https://www.youtube.com/embed/m-aqWZFCOiY?feature=oembedWhat Will Happen if Our Water Runs Out? | Avoiding Apocalypse | Spark
Can our planet provide water to an unlimited number of human beings? Signs of resource depletion are already numerous. Potable water is becoming increasingly scarce. The biggest culprit? Agriculture, which has to feed the seven billion people that inhabit the planet.

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Canadian Waterhttps://www.youtube.com/embed/fXwufVyS7J8?feature=oembedVirtual Workshop: Agriculture Considerations for the Canada Water Agency Global Water Futures
June 25, 2020 – The Government of Canada is creating a new Canada Water Agency to work together with the provinces, territories, Indigenous communities, local authorities, scientists and others to find the best ways to keep our water safe, clean and well managed. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in Canada and agricultural lands serve as source waters of most rural and urban populations in Canada, including Indigenous communities. Global Water Futures (GWF) has been conducting research on many aspects of agriculture and water in Canada with the goal of informing the development of more sustainable water management of agricultural drainage basins. To contribute to these discussions, GWF hosted a 2-part mini virtual workshop that focused on Canadian agricultural water management issues, capabilities, advances and needs to help inform the federal government in its development of the Canada Water Agency.https://www.youtube.com/embed/u_yXNkrkdCg?feature=oembedNational Water Policy Panel: How can a Canada Water Agency Deliver Water Security for Canadians? Global Water Futures
May 13, 2020 How can a Canada Water Agency Deliver Water Security for Canadians? was a virtual panel discussion chaired by Dr. Thomas Axworthy of Massey College, and featuring Terry Duguid, MP and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Environment and Climate Change and six experts in water science and governance. The discussion explored Canadian water issues and how a Canada Water Agency can contribute solutions, including leadership to mobilize knowledge needed to monitor, predict and solve water problems; strengthen transboundary water management; strengthen reconciliation with Indigenous peoples; and improve collaborative river basin planning between all governments.

++++https://www.youtube.com/embed/TWtqr4YgBNs?feature=oembedTHE NEW REALITY – Addressing the Water Challenge USC Price
Join Governor Schwarzenegger, the USC Schwarzenegger Institute and the PPIC Water Policy Center, for an informative forum to explore how California is coping with the current drought and how we meet the challenge of managing this resource in the future.https://www.youtube.com/embed/LiiYMEWKVnY?feature=oembed

Relaxing River Sounds – Gentle River, Nature Sounds, Singing Birds Ambience 24Relax

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10 Hrs Rainforest & Rain for Relaxing, Nature Sounds for Sleep, Meditation, Insomnia, SPA, Study Relax Night and Day – Beautiful Nature & Soundshttps://www.youtube.com/embed/uNvttVE_uUA?feature=oembed

RAIN SOUNDS IN THE WOODS | Ambient Noise For Sleep, Relaxation and Studying Ultimate Ambient Noise Soundzzz

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World’s Most Amazing Waterfalls JustAmazingWorld Collection of world’s most amazing waterfalls. There are much more amazing waterfalls that I could not fit in to this video. I promise I’ll make part 2 in case you like this one.

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10 Most Beautiful Beaches in the World – Travel Video touropia Check out all the places seen in this video: https://www.touropia.com/awesome-beac… Whether they’re blessed with blindingly bright white sands or located in the most idyllic setting imaginable; the world is truly home to a great number of beautiful beaches, each more breathtaking than the last. While some of them are to be found at the heart of world-famous cities, others are nestled away on tropical islands or tucked away deep inside national parks. Whether they are backed by impressive rock formations, rugged cliffs, or gently swaying palm trees, these beautiful beaches really need to be seen to be believed.

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17 Most Beautiful Islands in the World – Travel Video touropia Check out all the places seen in this video: https://www.touropia.com/most-beautif… Who doesn’t love a taste of island life? Where you can kick off your shoes, leave work behind, and cocktails are provided at the snap of a finger. But island escapes aren’t just about lazy beach days. They can also be full of adventure, water sports, wildlife-watching, and age-old cultures you can trace back over thousands of years. So, whether you’re looking for that typical tropical beach escape or a trip to an exotic ecosystem untouched by tourism, there’s an island out there calling your name. Here’s a look at the most beautiful islands in the world:

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Nature Relaxation Films FLYING OVER KAUAI (4K) Hawaii’s Garden Island | Ambient Aerial Film + Music for Stress Relief 1.5HR

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4K HDR Tropical Beach – Gentle Ocean Wave Sounds – Peaceful Wild Island – Relaxing Nature Video TheSilentWatchehttps://www.youtube.com/embed/PSbjrvFLdtg?feature=oembed

Top 10 Largest, Biggest & Best Aquariums In the World

The Indian Fishkeeper Here is the list of 10 Largest, Biggest & Best Aquariums In the World. ►S-U-B-S-C-R-I-B-E- THE INDIAN FISHKEEPER here http://bit.ly/CLICK_HERE_TO_SUBSCRIBE THESE VIDEOS ARE ALSO HELPFUL ►Learn how to make a 3d background fish tank here http://bit.ly/DIY_3D_BACKGROUND ►My other 3d background fish tanks http://bit.ly/3D_BACKGROUND_AQUARIUMS ►देखिये वीडियोस हिंदीमे http://bit.ly/HINDI_AQUARIUM_VIDEOS ►Low tech planted tank setup series http://bit.ly/LOW_TECH_PLANTED_TANK_S… ►Easy DIY aquarium projects http://bit.ly/DIY_AQUARIUM_PROJECTS ►Fishkeeping explained http://bit.ly/WHITEBOARD_AQUARIUM_VIDEOS ►Amazing Aquariums http://bit.ly/AMAZING_FISH_TANKS ►Make your own pond at home http://bit.ly/POND_SERIES ►Aquarium Filter & Meda http://bit.ly/AQUARIUM_FILTRATION ►Goldfish Care http://bit.ly/GOLDFISH_CARE ►Betta (Fighter Fish) Care http://bit.ly/BETTA_CARE ►Turtle Care http://bit.ly/TURTLE_CARE ►Planted Tanks http://bit.ly/PLANTED_TANKS

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The Best 4K Aquarium for Relaxation II ? Relaxing Oceanscapes – Sleep Meditation 4K UHD Screensaver
Balu – Relaxing Nature in 4K Relaxing Oceanscapes – Enjoy the peaceful aquariums & tanks views in beautiful 4K UHD. Helps Relax & Fall Asleep FAST! 2 hours long. Relax with beautiful fishes, Manta rays, Sea anemones,Jellyfishes, Sharks, and more!. Music for relaxation, sleep, meditation, yoga, study. sit back, relax and enjoy ?

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Alor diving film 2015 Indonesia Harry Juselius Join me to Alor Island´s world class dive sites in Indonesia. This is HD film….klick little ring right corner in the view box klick automatic and from the list take HD 720 or HD 1080 if you have fast connection and see the awesome dive sites and wonders of the sea with the Alor Divers. We start from the beach of the Alor Eco Resort and come back there..see what happens in between…yessss.

++++https://www.youtube.com/embed/oUWwGMyZ-BM?feature=oembedMarine life, depths of the ocean (HD1080p)MrBangthamai

Marine life, depths of the ocean (HD1080p)MrBangthamaiColorful Lionfish (HD1080p)MrBangthamaihttps://www.youtube.com/embed/Ldz-vRbN1Pc?feature=oembedColorful Lionfish (HD1080p)MrBangthamai

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Ocean Surface: 10 Hours of Relaxing Oceanscapes | BBC Earth

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Deep Ocean: 10 Hours of Relaxing OceanscapesBBC Earth Be wowed by incredible creatures in this journey through a mysterious part of our blue planet with this 10 hour loop

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++++ Wiki Information about Water +++++

Water News from : Wiki News https://en.wikinews.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=water&ns0=1&ns14=1

Water definition from : Wiktionary https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/water

Water Quotation from: Wiki Quote https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Water

Water media from: Wiki Media https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Water

Water Text from : Wiki Books https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=water&ns0=1&ns4=1&ns102=1&ns110=1&ns112=1

Water Resources from Wiki Versity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Water

Water How to …from Wiki How https://www.wikihow.com/wikiHowTo?search=water

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Overview of photosynthesis (green) and respiration (red).

Overview of photosynthesis (green) and respiration (red).

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Water
From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Https://Wiki2.Org/En/Water

Water is an inorganictransparenttastelessodorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth‘s hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Its chemical formula is H2O, meaning that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds.

“Water” is the name of the liquid state of H2O at standard ambient temperature and pressure. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and aerosols in the form of fogClouds are formed from suspended droplets of water and ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor. Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporationtranspiration (evapotranspiration), condensationprecipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.

Water covers 71% of the Earth‘s surface, mostly in seas and oceans. Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vaporclouds (formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%).

Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agricultureFishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seasriverslakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances both mineral and organic; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and washing. Water, ice and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimmingpleasure boatingboat racingsurfingsport fishingdivingice skating and skiing.

States

The three common states of matter

The three common states of matter

Along with oxidanewater is one of the two official names for the chemical compound H
2O; it is also the liquid phase of H
2O. The other two common states of matter of water are the solid phase, ice, and the gaseous phase, water vapor or steam. The addition or removal of heat can cause phase transitionsfreezing (water to ice), melting (ice to water), vaporization (water to vapor), condensation (vapor to water), sublimation (ice to vapor) and deposition (vapor to ice).

Density

Water differs from most liquids in that it becomes less dense as it freezes. In 1 atm pressure, it reaches its maximum density of 1,000 kg/m3 (62.43 lb/cu ft) at 3.98 °C (39.16 °F). The density of ice is 917 kg/m3 (57.25 lb/cu ft), an expansion of 9%. This expansion can exert enormous pressure, bursting pipes and cracking rocks (see Frost weathering).

In a lake or ocean, water at 4 °C sinks to the bottom and ice forms on the surface, floating on the liquid water. This ice insulates the water below, preventing it from freezing solid. Without this protection, most aquatic organisms would perish during the winter.

Phase Transitions

At a pressure of one atmosphere (atm), ice melts or water freezes at 0 °C (32 °F) and water boils or vapor condenses at 100 °C (212 °F). However, even below the boiling point, water can change to vapor at its surface by evaporation (vaporization throughout the liquid is known as boiling). Sublimation and deposition also occur on surfaces. For example, frost is deposited on cold surfaces while snowflakes form by deposition on an aerosol particle or ice nucleus. In the process of freeze-drying, a food is frozen and then stored at low pressure so the ice on its surface sublimates.

The melting and boiling points depend on pressure. A good approximation for the rate of change of the melting temperature with pressure is given by the Clausius–Clapeyron relation:{\displaystyle {\frac {dT}{dP}}={\frac {T\left(v_{\text{L}}-v_{\text{S}}\right)}{L_{\text{f}}}},}

where {\displaystyle v_{\text{L}}} and {\displaystyle v_{\text{G}}} are the molar volumes of the liquid and gas phases, and {\displaystyle L_{\text{f}}} is the molar latent heat of melting. In most substances, the volume increases when melting occurs, so the melting temperature increases with pressure. However, because ice is less dense than water, the melting temperature decreases. In glaciers, pressure melting can occur under sufficiently thick volumes of ice, resulting in subglacial lakes.

The Clausius-Clapeyron relation also applies to the boiling point, except now the vapor phase has a much lower density than the liquid phase, so the boiling point increases with pressure. Water can remain in a liquid state at high temperatures in the deep ocean or underground. For example, temperatures exceed 205 °C (401 °F) in Old Faithful, a geyser in Yellowstone National Park. In hydrothermal vents, the temperature can exceed 400 °C (752 °F).

At sea level, the boiling point of water is 100 °C (212 °F). As atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, the boiling point decreases by 1 °C every 274 meters. High-altitude cooking takes longer than sea-level cooking. For example, at 1,524 metres (5,000 ft), cooking time must be increased by a fourth to achieve the desired result. (Conversely, a pressure cooker can be used to decrease cooking times by raising the boiling temperature.) In a vacuum, water will boil at room temperature.

Triple And Critical Points

Phase diagram of water simplified

On a pressure/temperature phase diagram (see figure), there are curves separating solid from vapor, vapor from liquid, and liquid from solid. These meet at a single point called the triple point, where all three phases can coexist. The triple point is at a temperature of 273.16 K (0.01 °C) and a pressure of 611.657 pascals (0.00604 atm); it is the lowest pressure at which liquid water can exist. Until 2019, the triple point was used to define the Kelvin temperature scale.

The water/vapor phase curve terminates at 647.096 K (373.946 °C; 705.103 °F) and 22.064 megapascals (3,200.1 psi; 217.75 atm). This is known as the critical point. At higher temperatures and pressures the liquid and vapor phases form a continuous phase called a supercritical fluid. It can be gradually compressed or expanded between gas-like and liquid-like densities, its properties (which are quite different from those of ambient water) are sensitive to density. For example, for suitable pressures and temperatures it can mix freely with nonpolar compounds, including most organic compounds. This makes it useful in a variety of applications including high-temperature electrochemistry and as an ecologically benign solvent or catalyst in chemical reactions involving organic compounds. In Earth’s mantle, it acts as a solvent during mineral formation, dissolution and deposition.

Phases Of Ice And Water

The normal form of ice on the surface of Earth is Ice Ih, a phase that forms crystals with hexagonal symmetry. Another with cubic crystalline symmetryIce Ic, can occur in the upper atmosphere. As the pressure increases, ice forms other crystal structures. As of 2019, 17 have been experimentally confirmed and several more are predicted theoretically. When sandwiched between layers of graphene, ice forms a square lattice.

The details of the chemical nature of liquid water are not well understood; some theories suggest that its unusual behaviour is due to the existence of 2 liquid states.

Taste And Odor

Pure water is usually described as tasteless and odorless, although humans have specific sensors that can feel the presence of water in their mouths, and frogs are known to be able to smell it. However, water from ordinary sources (including bottled mineral water) usually has many dissolved substances, that may give it varying tastes and odors. Humans and other animals have developed senses that enable them to evaluate the potability of water by avoiding water that is too salty or putrid.

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