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Gardening and Plant Science | The Great Courses
Watch free courses on horticulture, gardening, landscaping, botany, agriculture, garden design, plant biology, how to classify plants, and more in this video playlist.
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Official Trailer: The Science of Gardening | The Great Courses Plus
New from The Great Courses and now on The Great Courses Plus! An award-winning horticulturist guides you in developing a science-based, sustainable, vibrant home landscape. Learn more about this course and start your FREE trial of The Great Courses Plus here: https://www.TheGreatCoursesPlus.com/l…
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Learn how to take advantage of small spaces to blend ornamental and edible plants, and come up with creative solutions for everyday gardening challenges, including color balance, climate restrictions and more. Learn more about this course and start your FREE trial here: https://www.TheGreatCoursesPlus.com/l…
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How To Grow Anything: Refresh Your Summer Garden | The Great Courses
The Great Courses Plus
Summer is the perfect time to reassess your garden and find out what you need to do to keep your plants healthy and looking their best. First, learn the tricks to effective garden maintenance throughout the season: growing more abundant harvests of fruits and vegetables, controlling pests in the most eco-friendly ways, locating the cause of discolored leaves, and more. Then, Ms. Myers takes you back to a small-space garden to gauge solutions to function, beauty, and accessibility challenges first tackled in the spring. Don’t forget to subscribe to our channel – we are adding new videos all the time! https://www.youtube.com/subscription_…
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Learn more about this course and start your FREE trial of The Great Courses Plus here: https://www.TheGreatCoursesPlus.com/l… A dream garden starts with two things: an awareness of what you have to do and a solid plan for getting there. Ms. Myers gives you an overview of the step-by-step process for creating a garden, guiding you through the process of weeding old garden spaces; testing your soil; evaluating growing conditions; picking the best topsoil; using annuals, perennials, and biennials to best effect; and mapping out your garden with the space available. Don’t forget to subscribe to our channel – we are adding new videos all the time! https://www.youtube.com/subscription_…
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Four Seasons Gardening- Hydroponics for the Home Gardener
University of Illinois Extension Horticulture
Four Seasons gardening presentation presented by Jeff Kindhart, Senior Research Specialist in Agriculture, on October 7, 2014. This session provides a brief overview of some of the hydroponic systems that are suitable for small scale production. In addition, it will provide an outline to success for those interested in starting a small scale hobby hydroponic project. It will cover aspects such as fertilizer selection, timing, and most suitable crops for use in a home hydroponic system.
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Growing Plants in Space
https://www.nasa.gov/content/growing-plants-in-space
NASA’s Matt Romeyn works in the Crop Food Production Research Area of the Space Station Processing Facility at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.Credits: NASA/Cory Huston
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The 5 Elements of Existence Explained | Sadhguru
Sadhguru5.31M subscribersSUBSCRIBESadhguru looks at how the human body and the cosmos itself, is essentially made of 5 elements – space, air, fire, water and earth. He explains that every yogic practice is essentially about Bhuta Shuddhi or cleansing of the elements. He also explains that if we cleanse them enough, we can move into Bhuta Siddhi, or mastery of the elements. Sadhguru Talks @ Sathsang, Singapore, Aug 2012 **************************************** Transcript: http://isha.sadhguru.org/blog/video/t… Sadhguru: All yogic practices, it doesn’t matter what you’re doing, whether you do asana, yama, niyama, pranayama, asana, whatever dharana, dhyana, samadhi, shoonya, whatever you may be doing, essentially all of it is coming from the fundamentals of bootha suddhi or cleansing the elements or if you cannot cleanse, if you’re such a hopeless case, transcending the elements. (Laughs) Vibhuthi – that’s why, beyond the elements. If you cleanse the elements you’ll live a wonderful life. If you are beyond that, the best thing is to transcend, forget about living a beautiful life just transcend the life because living a beautiful life is a more complex situation than transcending. Transcending means you’re beyond it. What’s beyond is not bothered by so many complexities of the physicality. But if you want to be in the physical and still above that then it takes little more mastery over the physical. If you have no mastery over the physical you will get enslaved to the physical. So bootha suddhi essentially means you want to first cleanse it so that slowly you come to a state which we call as bootha siddhi that means you have mastery over the elements. Everybody has some kind of capability with the elements otherwise you wouldn’t even live a normal life. Right now how well organized the five elements are in your system decides how firm and stable and organically strong this body is. It’s just… body is a play of five elements, so is the world, so is the universe. Everything is a play of five elements. In these five unless you want to explore mystical dimensions you don’t have to bother about the space. So there’re only four. Among the four seventy percent of your body is just water. Just shake and see, you’re just a water-bottle, three-fourth full, you know. You need to understand it is in sync with the planet; approximately seventy-two percent of the planet is water. You know this? Yes, that is how life is evolved. Whichever the way the nature of the planet is manifested in your body many many different ways. So about two-thirds of the planet is water, two-thirds of the body is water. So when you eat food, you must always eat food where the water content in the food is about over seventy percent. This one thing the western societies are ignoring and paying a huge price. Now everywhere it’s becoming like that, if you eat any vegetable it will be over seventy percent water. If you eat a fruit it’ll over ninety percent water. If you want cleansing to happen you must eat fruit. If you just want to maintain the body as it is, vegetable does this. Almost any Asian cooking usually has over seventy percent water naturally. That’s how traditions created it; they were aware of it. It’s only western diets which are dry. You drink water, it doesn’t work like that. The food should have over seventy percent water content. So seventy-two percent is water. Another twelve percent is earth, you know only twelve percent of your body is actually earth, largely it is water. So it’s eighty-four percent. Another six percent is air; air is the easiest thing to manage and take charge of because there is breath and you can take charge of it in a certain way. Another four percent is fire. Taking mastery over fire could do many things to you but because you are house-holders living in family situation, you don’t have to take charge of fire. You can keep it as it is; sometimes you can burn somebody a bit. You need it right? You’re married (Laughs)… Read Full Transcript: http://isha.sadhguru.org/blog/video/t…
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The Four Elements – embodiment demo
The embodiment channel The Four Elements – embodiment demo, with Mark Walsh and Francis Briers
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Classical element
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://wiki2.org/en/Classical_element
| Classical elements |
|---|
| Stoicheion (στοιχεῖον) |
| Greek Air WaterAetherFire Earth |
Tattva / Panchikarana / Mahābhūta |
| Hinduism / Jainism / Buddhism Vayu ApAkashaAgni Prithvi |
Wuxing (五行) |
| Chinese Wood (木) Water (水) Fire (火)Metal (金)Earth (土) |
Godai (五大) |
| Japanese Air (風) Water (水)Void (空)Fire (火) Earth (地) |
Bön |
| Tibetan Air WaterAetherFire Earth |
Alchemy |
| Medieval Air Water AetherFire Earth Sulphur MercurySalt |
Segment of the macrocosm showing the elemental spheres of terra (earth), aqua (water), aer (air), and ignis (fire), Robert Fludd, 1617
Rococo set of personification figurines of the Four Elements, 1760s, Chelsea porcelain, Indianapolis Museum of Art
Allegories of the Classical elements, by Giuseppe Arcimboldo. From left to right and from up to down: air, fire, earth and water
Classical elements typically refer to the concepts of earth, water, air, fire, and (later) aether, which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances. Ancient cultures in Greece, Persia, Babylonia, Japan, Tibet, and India had all similar lists, sometimes referring in local languages to “air” as “wind” and the fifth element as “void”. The Chinese Wu Xing system lists Wood (木 mù), Fire (火 huǒ), Earth (土 tǔ), Metal (金 jīn), and Water (水 shuǐ), though these are described more as energies or transitions rather than as types of material.
These different cultures and even individual philosophers had widely varying explanations concerning their attributes and how they related to observable phenomena as well as cosmology. Sometimes these theories overlapped with mythology and were personified in deities. Some of these interpretations included atomism (the idea of very small, indivisible portions of matter), but other interpretations considered the elements to be divisible into infinitely small pieces without changing their nature.
While the classification of the material world in ancient Indian, Hellenistic Egypt, and ancient Greece into Air, Earth, Fire and Water was more philosophical, during the Islamic Golden Age medieval middle eastern scientists used practical, experimental observation to classify materials. In Europe, the Ancient Greek system of Aristotle evolved slightly into the medieval system, which for the first time in Europe became subject to experimental verification in the 1600s, during the Scientific Revolution.
Modern science does not support the classical elements as the material basis of the physical world. Atomic theory classifies atoms into more than a hundred chemical elements such as oxygen, iron, and mercury. These elements form chemical compounds and mixtures, and under different temperatures and pressures, these substances can adopt different states of matter. The most commonly observed states of solid, liquid, gas, and plasma share many attributes with the classical elements of earth, water, air, and fire, respectively, but these states are due to similar behavior of different types of atoms at similar energy levels, and not due to containing a certain type of atom or a certain type of substance.
Contents
- 1 Ancient history
- 2 Post-classical history
- 3 Modern history
- 4 In popular culture
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Ancient history
Ancient Greece
In Western thought, the four elements earth, water, air, and fire as proposed by Empedocles (5th century BC) frequently occur. In ancient Greece, discussion of the elements in the context of searching for an arche (“first principle”) predated Empedocles by several centuries. For instance, Thales suggested in the 7th century BCE that water was the ultimate underlying substance from which everything is derived; Anaximenes subsequently made a similar claim about air. However, none before Empedocles proposed that matter could ultimately be composed of all four elements in different combinations of one another. Later on, Aristotle added a fifth element to the system, which he called aether.
Persia
The Persian philosopher Zarathustra (600-583 BCE), also known as Zoroaster, described the four elements of earth, water, air and fire as “sacred,” i.e., “essential for the survival of all living beings and therefore should be venerated and kept free from any contamination”.
Cosmic elements in Babylonia
In Babylonian mythology, the cosmogony called Enûma Eliš, a text written between the 18th and 16th centuries BC, involves four gods that we might see as personified cosmic elements: sea, earth, sky, wind. In other Babylonian texts these phenomena are considered independent of their association with deities, though they are not treated as the component elements of the universe, as later in Empedocles.
India
The concept of the five elements formed a basis of analysis in both Hinduism and Buddhism. In Hinduism, particularly in an esoteric context, the four states-of-matter describe matter, and a fifth element describes that which was beyond the material world. This fifth element has been called akasha in India and quintessence in Europe. Similar lists existed in ancient China, Korea and Japan. In Buddhism the four great elements, to which two others are sometimes added, are not viewed as substances, but as categories of sensory experience.
Hinduism
Main articles: Mahābhūta and Guṇa
The system of five elements are found in Vedas, especially Ayurveda, the pancha mahabhuta, or “five great elements”, of Hinduism are bhūmi (earth), ap or jala (water), tejas or agni (fire), marut, vayu or pavan (air or wind) and vyom or shunya (space or zero) or akash (aether or void). They further suggest that all of creation, including the human body, is made up of these five essential elements and that upon death, the human body dissolves into these five elements of nature, thereby balancing the cycle of nature.
The five elements are associated with the five senses, and act as the gross medium for the experience of sensations. The basest element, earth, created using all the other elements, can be perceived by all five senses — (i) hearing, (ii) touch, (iii) sight, (iv) taste, and (v) smell. The next higher element, water, has no odor but can be heard, felt, seen and tasted. Next comes fire, which can be heard, felt and seen. Air can be heard and felt. “Akasha” (aether) is beyond the senses of smell, taste, sight, and touch; it being accessible to the sense of hearing alone.
Buddhism
Main article: Mahābhūta
In the Pali literature, the mahabhuta (“great elements”) or catudhatu (“four elements”) are earth, water, fire and air. In early Buddhism, the four elements are a basis for understanding suffering and for liberating oneself from suffering. The earliest Buddhist texts explain that the four primary material elements are the sensory qualities solidity, fluidity, temperature, and mobility; their characterization as earth, water, fire, and air, respectively, is declared an abstraction — instead of concentrating on the fact of material existence, one observes how a physical thing is sensed, felt, perceived.
The Buddha’s teaching regarding the four elements is to be understood as the base of all observation of real sensations rather than as a philosophy. The four properties are cohesion (water), solidity or inertia (earth), expansion or vibration (air) and heat or energy content (fire). He promulgated a categorization of mind and matter as composed of eight types of “kalapas” of which the four elements are primary and a secondary group of four are color, smell, taste, and nutriment which are derivative from the four primaries.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (1997) renders an extract of Shakyamuni Buddha’s from Pali into English thus:
Just as a skilled butcher or his apprentice, having killed a cow, would sit at a crossroads cutting it up into pieces, the monk contemplates this very body — however it stands, however it is disposed — in terms of properties: ‘In this body there is the earth property, the liquid property, the fire property, & the wind property.’
Tibetan Buddhist medical literature speaks of the Panch Mahābhūta (five elements).
China
Main article: Wu Xing
The Chinese had a somewhat different series of elements, namely Fire, Earth, Metal (literally gold), Water and Wood, which were understood as different types of energy in a state of constant interaction and flux with one another, rather than the Western notion of different kinds of material.
Although it is usually translated as “element”, the Chinese word xing literally means something like “changing states of being”, “permutations” or “metamorphoses of being”. In fact Sinologists cannot agree on any single translation. The Chinese elements were seen as ever changing and moving – one translation of wu xing is simply “the five changes”.
The Wu Xing are chiefly an ancient mnemonic device for systems with five stages; hence the preferred translation of “movements”, “phases” or “steps” over “elements.”
In the bagua, metal is associated with the divination figure 兌 Duì (☱, the lake or marsh: 澤/泽 zé) and with 乾 Qián (☰, the sky or heavens: 天 tiān). Wood is associated with 巽 Xùn (☴, the wind: 風/风 fēng) and with 震 Zhèn (☳, the arousing/thunder: 雷 léi). In view of the durability of meteoric iron, metal came to be associated with the aether, which is sometimes conflated with Stoic pneuma, as both terms originally referred to air (the former being higher, brighter, more fiery or celestial and the latter being merely warmer, and thus vital or biogenetic). In Taoism, qi functions similarly to pneuma in a prime matter (a basic principle of energetic transformation) that accounts for both biological and inanimate phenomena.
In Chinese philosophy the universe consists of heaven and earth. The five major planets are associated with and even named after the elements: Jupiter 木星 is Wood (木), Mars 火星 is Fire (火), Saturn 土星 is Earth (土), Venus 金星 is Metal (金), and Mercury 水星 is Water (水). Also, the Moon represents Yin (陰), and the Sun 太陽 represents Yang (陽). Yin, Yang, and the five elements are associated with themes in the I Ching, the oldest of Chinese classical texts which describes an ancient system of cosmology and philosophy. The five elements also play an important part in Chinese astrology and the Chinese form of geomancy known as Feng shui.
The doctrine of five phases describes two cycles of balance, a generating or creation (生, shēng) cycle and an overcoming or destruction (克/剋, kè) cycle of interactions between the phases.
Generating
- Wood feeds fire;
- Fire creates earth (ash);
- Earth bears metal;
- Metal collects water;
- Water nourishes wood.
Overcoming
- Wood parts earth;
- Earth absorbs water;
- Water quenches fire;
- Fire melts metal;
- Metal chops wood.
There are also two cycles of imbalance, an overacting cycle (乘，cheng) and an insulting cycle (侮，wu).
Greece
Empedoclean elements The ancient Greek concept of four basic elements, these being earth (γῆ gê), water (ὕδωρ hýdōr), air (ἀήρ aḗr), and fire (πῦρ pŷr), dates from pre-Socratic times and persisted throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance, deeply influencing European thought and culture.The four classical elements of Empedocles and Aristotle illustrated with a burning log. The log releases all four elements as it is destroyed.
Sicilian philosopher Empedocles (ca. 450 BC) proved (at least to his satisfaction) that air was a separate substance by observing that a bucket inverted in water did not become filled with water, a pocket of air remaining trapped inside. Prior to Empedocles, Greek philosophers had debated which substance was the primordial element from which everything else was made; Heraclitus championed fire, Thales supported water, and Anaximenes plumped for air. Anaximander argued that the primordial substance was not any of the known substances, but could be transformed into them, and they into each other. Empedocles was the first to propose four elements, fire, earth, air, and water. He called them the four “roots” (ῥιζώματα, rhizōmata).
Plato seems to have been the first to use the term “element (στοιχεῖον, stoicheîon)” in reference to air, fire, earth, and water. The ancient Greek word for element, stoicheion (from stoicheo, “to line up”) meant “smallest division (of a sun-dial), a syllable”, as the composing unit of an alphabet it could denote a letter and the smallest unit from which a word is formed.
In On the Heavens, Aristotle defines “element” in general:
An element, we take it, is a body into which other bodies may be analysed, present in them potentially or in actuality (which of these, is still disputable), and not itself divisible into bodies different in form. That, or something like it, is what all men in every case mean by element.
In his On Generation and Corruption, Aristotle related each of the four elements to two of the four sensible qualities:
- Fire is both hot and dry.
- Air is both hot and wet (for air is like vapor, ἀτμὶς).
- Water is both cold and wet.
- Earth is both cold and dry.
A classic diagram has one square inscribed in the other, with the corners of one being the classical elements, and the corners of the other being the properties. The opposite corner is the opposite of these properties, “hot – cold” and “dry – wet”.
Aristotle added a fifth element, aether (αἰθήρ aither), as the quintessence, reasoning that whereas fire, earth, air, and water were earthly and corruptible, since no changes had been perceived in the heavenly regions, the stars cannot be made out of any of the four elements but must be made of a different, unchangeable, heavenly substance. It had previously been believed by pre-Socratics such as Empedocles and Anaxagoras that aether, the name applied to the material of heavenly bodies, was a form of fire. Aristotle himself did not use the term aether for the fifth element, and strongly criticised the pre-Socratics for associating the term with fire. He preferred a number of other terms that indicated eternal movement, thus emphasising the evidence for his discovery of a new element. These five elements have been associated since Plato’s Timaeus with the five platonic solids.
A text written in Egypt in Hellenistic or Roman times called the Kore Kosmou (“Virgin of the World”) ascribed to Hermes Trismegistus (associated with the Egyptian god Thoth), names the four elements fire, water, air, and earth. As described in this book:
And Isis answer made: Of living things, my son, some are made friends with fire, and some with water, some with air, and some with earth, and some with two or three of these, and some with all. And, on the contrary, again some are made enemies of fire, and some of water, some of earth, and some of air, and some of two of them, and some of three, and some of all. For instance, son, the locust and all flies flee fire; the eagle and the hawk and all high-flying birds flee water; fish, air and earth; the snake avoids the open air. Whereas snakes and all creeping things love earth; all swimming things love water; winged things, air, of which they are the citizens; while those that fly still higher love the fire and have the habitat near it. Not that some of the animals as well do not love fire; for instance salamanders, for they even have their homes in it. It is because one or another of the elements doth form their bodies’ outer envelope. Each soul, accordingly, while it is in its body is weighted and constricted by these four.
According to Galen, these elements were used by Hippocrates in describing the human body with an association with the four humours: yellow bile (fire), black bile (earth), blood (air), and phlegm (water). Medical care was primarily about helping the patient stay in or return to his/her own personal natural balanced state.
The Neoplatonic philosopher Proclus rejected Aristotle’s theory relating the elements to the sensible qualities hot, cold, wet, and dry. He maintained that each of the elements has three properties. Fire is sharp, subtle, and mobile while its opposite, earth, is blunt, dense, and immobile; they are joined by the intermediate elements, air and water, in the following fashion:
| Fire | Sharp | Subtle | Mobile |
|---|---|---|---|
| Air | Blunt | Subtle | Mobile |
| Water | Blunt | Dense | Mobile |
| Earth | Blunt | Dense | Immobile |
Tibet
In Bön or ancient Tibetan philosophy, the five elemental processes of earth, water, fire, air and space are the essential materials of all existent phenomena or aggregates. The elemental processes form the basis of the calendar, astrology, medicine, psychology and are the foundation of the spiritual traditions of shamanism, tantra and Dzogchen.
Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche states that
physical properties are assigned to the elements: earth is solidity; water is cohesion; fire is temperature; air is motion; and space is the spatial dimension that accommodates the other four active elements. In addition, the elements are correlated to different emotions, temperaments, directions, colors, tastes, body types, illnesses, thinking styles, and character. From the five elements arise the five senses and the five fields of sensory experience; the five negative emotions and the five wisdoms; and the five extensions of the body. They are the five primary pranas or vital energies. They are the constituents of every physical, sensual, mental, and spiritual phenomenon.
The names of the elements are analogous to categorised experiential sensations of the natural world. The names are symbolic and key to their inherent qualities and/or modes of action by analogy. In Bön the elemental processes are fundamental metaphors for working with external, internal and secret energetic forces. All five elemental processes in their essential purity are inherent in the mindstream and link the trikaya and are aspects of primordial energy. As Herbert V. Günther states:
Thus, bearing in mind that thought struggles incessantly against the treachery of language and that what we observe and describe is the observer himself, we may nonetheless proceed to investigate the successive phases in our becoming human beings. Throughout these phases, the experience (das Erlebnis) of ourselves as an intensity (imaged and felt as a “god”, lha) setting up its own spatiality (imaged and felt as a “house” khang) is present in various intensities of illumination that occur within ourselves as a “temple.” A corollary of this Erlebnis is its light character manifesting itself in various “frequencies” or colors. This is to say, since we are beings of light we display this light in a multiplicity of nuances.
In the above block quote the trikaya is encoded as: dharmakaya “god”; sambhogakaya “temple” and nirmanakaya “house”.
YouTube Encyclopedic
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Post-classical history
Alchemy
Seventeenth century alchemical emblem showing the four Classical elements in the corners of the image, alongside the tria prima on the central triangle
The elemental system used in Medieval alchemy was developed primarily by the Arab alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber). His system consisted of the four classical elements of air, earth, fire, and water, in addition to two philosophical elements: sulphur, characterizing the principle of combustibility, “the stone which burns”; and mercury, characterizing the principle of metallic properties. They were seen by early alchemists as idealized expressions of irreducible components of the universe and are of larger consideration within philosophical alchemy.
The three metallic principles—sulphur to flammability or combustion, mercury to volatility and stability, and salt to solidity—became the tria prima of the Swiss alchemist Paracelsus. He reasoned that Aristotle’s four element theory appeared in bodies as three principles. Paracelsus saw these principles as fundamental and justified them by recourse to the description of how wood burns in fire. Mercury included the cohesive principle, so that when it left in smoke the wood fell apart. Smoke described the volatility (the mercurial principle), the heat-giving flames described flammability (sulphur), and the remnant ash described solidity (salt).
Islamic
The Islamic philosophers al-Kindi, Avicenna and Fakhr al-Din al-Razi connected the four elements with the four natures heat and cold (the active force), and dryness and moisture (the recipients).
Japan
Main article: Five elements (Japanese philosophy)
Japanese traditions use a set of elements called the 五大 (godai, literally “five great”). These five are earth, water, fire, wind/air, and void. These came from Indian Vastu shastra philosophy and Buddhist beliefs; in addition, the classical Chinese elements (五行, wu xing) are also prominent in Japanese culture, especially to the influential Neo-Confucianists during the medieval Edo period.
- Earth represented things that were solid.
- Water represented things that were liquid.
- Fire represented things that destroy.
- Air represented things that moved.
- Void or Sky/Heaven represented things not of our everyday life.
Modern history
Artus Wolffort, The Four Elements, before 1641
Chemical element
See also: Chemical element § History
The Aristotelian tradition and medieval alchemy eventually gave rise to modern chemistry, scientific theories and new taxonomies. By the time of Antoine Lavoisier, for example, a list of elements would no longer refer to classical elements. Some modern scientists see a parallel between the classical elements and the four states of matter: solid, liquid, gas and weakly ionized plasma.
Modern science recognizes classes of elementary particles which have no substructure (or rather, particles that are not made of other particles) and composite particles having substructure (particles made of other particles).
Western astrology
Main article: Astrology and the classical elements
Western astrology uses the four classical elements in connection with astrological charts and horoscopes. The twelve signs of the zodiac are divided into the four elements: Fire signs are Aries, Leo and Sagittarius, Earth signs are Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn, Air signs are Gemini, Libra and Aquarius, and Water signs are Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces.
Criticism
The Dutch historian of science Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis writes that the theory of the classical elements “was bound to exercise a really harmful influence. As is now clear, Aristotle, by adopting this theory as the basis of his interpretation of nature and by never losing faith in it, took a course which promised few opportunities and many dangers for science.”
In popular culture
Main article: Classical elements in popular culture
See also
- Alchemy
- Elemental (Renaissance alchemy)
- Five elements (Chinese wǔ xíng)
- Five elements (Hindu mahābhūta) and Four elements (Buddhist mahābhūtāni)
- Five elements (Japanese godai)
- First principle (Pre-Socratic arche and Aristotelian substratum)
- First principle (Chinese qì and Japanese ki)
- First principle (Prima materia in Alchemy)
- Macrocosm and microcosm
- Overview of the fundamental interaction
- Periodic table of the elements (Modern science)
- Philosopher’s stone (Middle Ages and Renaissance alchemy)
- Phlogiston theory (History of science)
- Fundamental interaction (Quantum Mechanics)
- Table of correspondences (Magic and the occult)
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Gardening Tips For All Seasons 4 In 1 Bundle:
The Food Growers Top Jobs For The Autumn, Winter, Spring And Summer Planting Seasons
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GARDENING TIPS/TASKS FOR ALL 4 SEASONS!
This 4-Book gardening bundle highlights the different gardening tasks throughout the gardening seasons, it is a book packed with things to do throughout the vegetable gardening year.
Episodes included in this 4-book bundle…
Book 1: Gardening Tips For Autumn: The Food Growers Top 5 Jobs For The Fall
Book 2: Gardening Tips For Winter: The Food Growers Top Jobs For The Winter
Book 3: Gardening Tips For Spring: The Food Growers Top Jobs For The Spring Planting Season.
Book 4: Gardening Tips For Summer: The Vegetable Gardeners Top Jobs For The Summer Growing Season.
Tasks covered include such things as Composting, pruning, plant care, plant support, organicpest control, harvesting, planting, growing, harvesting, plant hardiness zone maps for the United States and the United Kingdom.
Many tasty recipes are also included thanks to F. A. Paris excellent recipe books covering jams, pickles, marmalades, and tasty soup dishes – ideal for making the most out of your gardening efforts.
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The Winter Harvest Handbook: Year Round Vegetable Production Using Deep-Organic Techniques and Unheated Greenhouses
by Eliot Coleman and Barbara Damrosch | Sold by: Amazon.com Services LLCKindle Edition$15.76 +++++++++++
The Year-Round Vegetable Gardener: How to Grow Your Own Food 365 Days a Year, No Matter Where You Live
by Niki Jabbour and Joseph De Sciose | Sold by: Amazon.com Services LLCKindle Edition$9.99 ++++++++++++
Four-Season Harvest: Organic Vegetables from Your Home Garden All Year Long: Organic Vegetables from Your Home Garden All Year Long, 2nd Edition
by Eliot Colman, Barbara Damrosch, et al. | Sold by: Amazon.com Services LLCKindle Edition$11.11 ++++++++++++
Encyclopedia of Garden Plants for Every Location: Featuring More Than 3,000 Plants Kindle EditionKindersley Dorling
- Kindle
$10.42Read with Our Free App - Hardcover
$29.4626 Used from $21.6724 New from $25.46
Including more than 2,000 recommendations from gardening experts, Encyclopedia of Garden Plants for Every Location includes planting suggestions for over 30 types of sites, from notoriously dry ground by a hedge or fence to cracks in walls or paving, explains how to assess site and soil, and presents a stunning range of plant partners and planting schemes.
Produced in association with the Smithsonian Institution, whose Smithsonian’s Gardens creates and manages the Smithsonian’s outdoor gardens, interiorscapes, and horticulture-related collections and exhibits, Encyclopedia of Garden Plants for Every Location is the perfect book for gardeners looking to make the most out of their plot.
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![Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers by [Brickell, Christopher]](https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51zMLcPAmPL.jpg)
Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers Kindle Edition
by Christopher Brickell (Author)
- Kindle $17.74Read with Our Free App
- Hardcover $36.99
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An updated edition of the best-selling highly illustrated garden plant reference, featuring more than 8,000 plants and 4,000 photographs.
Choose the right plants for your garden and find all the inspiration and guidance you need with the Encyclopedia of Plants & Flowers. Drawing on expert advice from the RHS, this best-selling book features a photographic catalogue of more than 4,000 plants and flowers, all organized by color, size, and type, to help you select the right varieties for your outdoor space. Discover perennials, bulbs, shrubs, and trees, succulents, and ornamental shrubs, all showcased in beautiful, full-color photography. Browse this photographic catalogue to find at-a-glance plant choice inspiration. Or use the extensive plant dictionary to look up more than 8,000 plant varieties and the best growing conditions.
This new edition features the latest and most popular cultivars, with more than 1,380 new plants added, as well as updated photography, comprehensive hardiness ratings, and a brand-new introduction. Fully comprehensive yet easy to use, the Encyclopedia of Plants & Flowers is the inspirational, informative guide every gardener needs on their bookshelf. +++++++++++++++++++++++
See all 3 formats and editions
- Kindle $8.86Read with Our Free App
- Hardcover $14.6914
A unique guide to the extraordinary world of plants, from the smallest seeds to the tallest trees.
We couldn’t live without plants. We need them for food, shelter, and even the air we breathe, yet we know surprisingly little about them. Why do thistles bristle with spines? How do some plants trap and eat insects? Did you know there are trees that are 5,000 years old? Trees, Leaves, Flowers & Seeds explores the mysterious world of plants to find the answers to these and many more questions.
Each type of plant–such as a flowering plant, tree, grass, or cactus–is examined close up, with an example shown from all angles and even in cross section, to highlight the key parts. Then picture-packed galleries show the wonderful variety of plants on different themes, perhaps the habitat they grow in, a flower family, or the plants that supply us with our staple foods. But the book also takes a fun look at some truly weird and wonderful plants, including trees with fruits like a giant’s fingers, orchids that look like monkey faces, seeds that spin like helicopters, and trees that drip poison.
So open this beautiful book and find out more about amazing Trees, Leaves, Flowers & Seeds.
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Gardman R687 4-Tier Mini Greenhouse, 27″ Long x 18″ Wide x 63″ High
- Ufine Carbonized Wood Plant Stand 6 Tier Vertical Shelf Flower Display Rack Holder Planter Organizer for Indoor Outdoor Garden Patio Balcony Living Room and Office
- Between $75 and $200 AeroGarden Black Harvest, 2019 Model
- Above $200 AeroGarden, Black Bounty, garden$293.57
Gardening Under Lights: The Complete Guide for Indoor Growers
by Leslie F. Halleck | $29.95 +++++++
Indoor Kitchen Gardening: Turn Your Home Into a Year-round Vegetable Garden – Microgreens – Sprouts – Herbs – Mushrooms – Tomatoes, Peppers & More
by Elizabeth Millard | Jun 15, 2014Paperback $24.99
Year-Round Indoor Salad Gardening: How to Grow Nutrient-Dense, Soil-Sprouted Greens in Less Than 10 days
by Peter Burke | Sep 18, 2015Paperback $29.95 +++++++++++++
Remarkable Trees of the World
by Thomas Pakenham | Sep 17, 2003Paperback $35.00++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++
Visions: How Science Will Revolutionize the 21st CenturyMar 4, 1999by Michio KakuKindle Edition$9.99Hardcover$18.97Paperback$13.74 +++++++++++ +++++++ Paperback$115.37$11537 ==================
The Flower Gardener’s Bible: A Complete Guide to Colorful Blooms All Season Long: 400 Favorite Flowers, Time-Tested Techniques, Creative Garden Designs, and a Lifetime of Gardening Wisdom
by Lewis Hill , Nancy Hill, et al. | Sold by: Amazon.com Kindle Edition $13.77 Create the flower garden of your dreams. This comprehensive guide includes expert advice on everything from choosing an appropriate growing site to maximizing the lifespan of your plants. Charming illustrations and photographs accompany helpful tips on how to improve soil, fight off pests, and make all your flowers bloom with radiant color. Whether you’re a beginning gardener or a seasoned florist, The Flower Gardener’s Bible is a useful resource that will help you keep your garden healthy and beautiful for years to come.++++++++++++
The Four Season Farm Gardener’s Cookbook: From the Garden to the Table in 120 Recipes
by Barbara Damrosch and Eliot Coleman | Sold by: Amazon.com Services LLCKindle Edition $9.99 +++++++++++++++
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Trees, Leaves, Flowers & Seeds: A visual encyclopedia of the plant kingdom Kindle Edition
Picturepedia: An Encyclopedia on Every Page Kindle Edition
See all 5 formats and editions
- Kindle $10.40Read with Our Free App
- Hardcover $22.38
Experience all the world’s wonders at once in the ultimate children’s encyclopedia.
Spilling over with history, science, space, nature, and much, much more, this visual reference guide comes complete with more than 10,000 stunning photographs, illustrations, and maps. Every page is a mini-encyclopedia at your fingertips, perfectly designed to educate, engage, and entertain.
From microscopic insects to the Big Bang theory, Picturepedia explains every subject under (and including) the Sun to satisfy the curious minds of young readers. Discover the secrets of prehistoric life, explore the inner workings of the human body, and lead an orchestra of musical instruments through breathtaking photographic galleries and detailed graphics that explain every topic in incredible depth and detail.
With more than 150 essential topics covered, Picturepedia is ideal for homework, projects, or just for fun. This absolute must-have book is the ideal gift for young people eager to know about everything and anything.
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Better Homes and Gardens Four Seasons Gardening: A Month-By-Month Guide to Planning, Planting, and Caring for Your Garden
by Better Homes and Gardens,Ann Reilly DinesSaving time and effort, this beautiful, reliable, earth-friendly solution source book explains when as well as how to perform essential gardening tasks throughout the year so Gaia can flow along as the seasons intended. Gardeners will refer to this book time and time and time again.++++++++++++
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https://www.facebook.com/fourseasonsgardenerFacebook Four Seasons Garden Services – Garden Center – Carlisle, Cumbria .. ++++++++++
SEASONAL GARDENING IN THE SIMS 4 SEASONS
Are you new to gardening and are curious how Seasons and the recent patch shakes things up? Or a total gardening savant who wants to know how to prep their established gardeners for introducing Seasons? Here’s a guide to everything that Seasons and the big gardening update patch adds to the in-game gardening experience!
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Four Seasons Gardening Guide Paperback
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Four Seasons of Roses: Monthly Guide to Rose Care Paperback – December 14, 2013
Susan Fox (Author)
b Paperback $12.95 y
Four Seasons of Roses Monthly Guide to Rose Care is a monthly outline of what-to-do to establish and maintain a beautiful rose garden. This planner is also a journal that has space for notes so you can record what is going on in your garden to establish your garden history, or just pause to reflect thoughts or roses you may want to buy next year. The graphics are original photography of roses planted, grown and photographed by Susan Fox. This garden planner is suitable as a keepsake for you to reflect back on what you have learned each year in your rose garden.
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The Nonstop Garden: A Step-by-Step Guide to Smart Plant Choices and Four-Season Designs Paperback – May 19, 2010
Paperback
$17.96
With hectic lifestyles and busy schedules, people are finding it more and more appealing to enjoy their leisure time at home rather than packing their bags in search of peaceful retreats. But how can they confidently create a garden retreat? By following Cohen and Benner’s trusted advice and building a nonstop garden, they’ll have more cre
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Heinerman New Encyclopedia of Fruits & Vegetables, Revised & Expanded Edition
by John Heinerman
Heinerman’s Encyclopedia of Healing Juices Hardcover – May 1, 1994
by John Heinerman(Author) Paperback $16.58 Shows how to use vegetable and fruit juices to help alleviate allergies, constipation, hypoglycemia, skin problems, joint pain, colitis, ulcers, and other ailments +++++++++++
The Healing Power of Fruits Vegetables and Herbs Paperback – 2009
In this amazing book noted medical anthropologist Dr. John Heinerman brings you a complete collection of natural healing Fruits, Vegetables and Herbs from all over the world! From plant medicines of the American Indians… to time-tested herbal remedies from ancient China, the Middle East and the Bible… here, says Dr. Heinerman, are ways to relieve scores of ailments quickly and inexpensively using safe and easily obtained ingredients you’ve been using all your life in new and unusual ways – your house is full of them right now. Dr. Heinerman says “Anyone who understands nature need never be sick”by Dr. John Heinerman(Author)Paperback from $3.95++++++++++++
Heinerman’s Encyclopedia of Healing Juices: From a Medical Anthropologist’s Files, Here Are Nature’s Own Healing Juices for Hundreds of Today’s Most Common Health Problems
Paperback
$13.99
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Heinerman’s Encyclopedia of Healing Herbs & Spices
by John Heinerman and Juan Deguzman | Jan 1, 1996Hardcover $14.99
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The Family Encyclopedia of Natural Healing
by John Heinerman and Lendon Smith | Sep 1, 2000Paperback$19.95 +++++
Heinerman’s Encyclopedia of Nuts, Berries, and Seeds Hardcover – June 1, 1995
$14.99by John Heinerman(Author)This new guide to using nutritional properties of nuts, berries and seeds to reverse illness and maximize health includes a listing for literally hundreds of nuts, berries and seeds. It has a complete Table of Symptoms readers can refer to easily and quickly to find remedies for their particular complaints, plus shopper’s tips for buying at the peak of ripeness and quality.+++++++++
John Heinerman
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Elon is not the only Musk trying to change the world. So is his younger brother Kimbal.
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You’ll be seeing more and more high tech farms popping up in cities. As the population grows, and we run out of farming land, along with climate change, the future of farming is to bring them into our cities. Creating high tech vertical farms that use aeroponics or hydroponics. From an underground farm in London, to a Japanese office building with a rice paddy field. Across the world people and companies are investing in creating new ways and technology to provide a more sustainable future. Big name investors include Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, Leonardo DiCaprio, and even the former McDonalds CEO Don Thompson. All pushing the technology of farming and agriculture forward. Companies highlighted in this video include: AeroFarms, Growing Underground, Square Roots (who have Kimbal Musk, brother of Elon Musk, as a co-founder), the Open Agriculture Initiative, Persona Group, Farm One, Bowery, Plenty, Impossible Foods, and Beyond Meat. CREDITS – Select AeroFarm Footage: (CC) by Futurism Originals (https://youtu.be/BrTuuepEYsQ) – Selected Farm One Photographs: Farm One and Sarah Blesener – Persona Group office images: By design firm Kon DesignsSHOW LESS
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Four Seasons Gardening:
Real Food for Everyone | Kimbal Musk | TEDxChicago
Kimbal Musk is applying what he learned in Silicon Valley to how real food can be scaled beyond just to those who can afford it. A true “farm to table” advocate for everybody, his family of restaurant concepts source food exclusively from American farmers. Kimbal’s urban, indoor vertical farming accelerator empowers thousands of young entrepreneurs to become real food farmers. His non-profit organization builds permanent, outdoor Learning Garden classrooms in hundreds of underserved schools around the U.S. Kimbal is Co-Founder of The Kitchen, a growing family of businesses that pursue an America where everyone has access to real food. For his impactful, scalable work, Kimbal was named a 2017 Social Entrepreneur by the Schwab Foundation, a sister organization to the World Economic Forum. His family of restaurant concepts source food from American farmers, stimulating the local farm economy. His non-profit organization builds permanent, outdoor Learning Garden classrooms in hundreds of underserved schools around the U.S. His urban, indoor vertical farming accelerator, Square Roots, seeks to empower thousands of young entrepreneurs to become real food farmers. This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at https://www.ted.com/tedx
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Kimbal Musk: Can real food feed the world? – Couple Thinkers – EP 1
Couple Thinkers kicks off by thinking about how to feed the world. Craig and Megan want to know more about how to live a more sustainable life and they know just the person to ask. Kimbal Musk (yes, he’s Elon’s brother) is a man with a plan. He wants to transform food production from something big and industrial to being more local and organic. Step one, he believes, is to get kids interested – and he’s created a revolutionary way to do it because, as he says, “Food is the new internet!”. Want to discover more visit https://www.gant.com/
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Gardening and Plant Science | The Great Courses
Watch free courses on horticulture, gardening, landscaping, botany, agriculture, garden design, plant biology, how to classify plants, and more in this video playlist.
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Official Trailer: The Science of Gardening | The Great Courses Plus
New from The Great Courses and now on The Great Courses Plus! An award-winning horticulturist guides you in developing a science-based, sustainable, vibrant home landscape. Learn more about this course and start your FREE trial of The Great Courses Plus here: https://www.TheGreatCoursesPlus.com/l…
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Learn how to take advantage of small spaces to blend ornamental and edible plants, and come up with creative solutions for everyday gardening challenges, including color balance, climate restrictions and more. Learn more about this course and start your FREE trial here: https://www.TheGreatCoursesPlus.com/l…
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How To Grow Anything: Refresh Your Summer Garden | The Great Courses
The Great Courses Plus
Summer is the perfect time to reassess your garden and find out what you need to do to keep your plants healthy and looking their best. First, learn the tricks to effective garden maintenance throughout the season: growing more abundant harvests of fruits and vegetables, controlling pests in the most eco-friendly ways, locating the cause of discolored leaves, and more. Then, Ms. Myers takes you back to a small-space garden to gauge solutions to function, beauty, and accessibility challenges first tackled in the spring. Don’t forget to subscribe to our channel – we are adding new videos all the time! https://www.youtube.com/subscription_…
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The Great Courses Plus
Learn more about this course and start your FREE trial of The Great Courses Plus here: https://www.TheGreatCoursesPlus.com/l… Explore some of the many ways you can extend your garden through fall and take advantage of the cool air and warm soil (which is great for planting a variety of trees, shrubs, and perennials). You’ll learn how to add bulbs for a splash of spring beauty, prune and protect your plants (and your lawn) from a potentially harsh winter, install a lovely cool-season garden, harvest and store herbs, and learn from your experience to plan for an even better garden in the spring. Don’t forget to subscribe to our channel – we are adding new videos all the time! https://www.youtube.com/subscription_…
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Learn more about this course and start your FREE trial of The Great Courses Plus here: https://www.TheGreatCoursesPlus.com/l… A dream garden starts with two things: an awareness of what you have to do and a solid plan for getting there. Ms. Myers gives you an overview of the step-by-step process for creating a garden, guiding you through the process of weeding old garden spaces; testing your soil; evaluating growing conditions; picking the best topsoil; using annuals, perennials, and biennials to best effect; and mapping out your garden with the space available. Don’t forget to subscribe to our channel – we are adding new videos all the time! https://www.youtube.com/subscription_…
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Four Seasons Gardening- Hydroponics for the Home Gardener
University of Illinois Extension Horticulture
Four Seasons gardening presentation presented by Jeff Kindhart, Senior Research Specialist in Agriculture, on October 7, 2014. This session provides a brief overview of some of the hydroponic systems that are suitable for small scale production. In addition, it will provide an outline to success for those interested in starting a small scale hobby hydroponic project. It will cover aspects such as fertilizer selection, timing, and most suitable crops for use in a home hydroponic system.
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Growing Plants inhttps://www.nasa.gov/content/growing-plants-in-space Space
NASA’s Matt Romeyn works in the Crop Food Production Research Area of the Space Station Processing Facility at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.Credits: NASA/Cory Huston
Astronaut Scott Kelly nursed dying space zinnias back to health on the International Space Station. He photographed a bouquet of the flowers in the space station’s cupola against the backdrop of Earth and shared the photo to his Instagram for Valentine’s Day 2016.Credits: NASA/Scott Kelly
Zinnia plants from the Veggie ground control system are being harvested in the Flight Equipment Development Laboratory in the Space Station Processing Facility at Kennedy. A similar zinnia harvest was conducted by astronaut Scott Kelly on the International Space Station.Credits: NASA/Bill White
Astronaut Serena Auñón-Chancellor harvests red Russian kale and dragoon lettuce from Veggie on Nov. 28, 2018, just in time for Thanksgiving. The crew got to enjoy a mid-afternoon snack with balsamic vinegar, and Auñón-Chancellor reported the lettuce was “delicious!”Credits: ESA/Alexander Gerst
John “JC” Carver, a payload integration engineer with Kennedy’s Test and Operations Support Contract, opens the door to the growth chamber of the Advanced Plant Habitat Flight Unit No. 1 for a test harvest of half of the Arabidopsis thaliana plants growing within.Credits: NASA/Leif Heimbold
The first growth test of crops in the Advanced Plant Habitat aboard the International Space Station yielded great results. Arabidopsis seeds – small flowering plants related to cabbage and mustard – grew for about six weeks, and dwarf wheat for five weeks.Credits: NASA
As humans explore space, we will want to bring plants for both aesthetic and practical reasons. We already know from our pioneering astronauts that fresh flowers and gardens on the International Space Station create a beautiful atmosphere and let us take a little piece of Earth with us on our journeys. They’re good for our psychological well-being on Earth and in space. They also will be critical for keeping astronauts healthy on long-duration missions.
A lack of vitamin C was all it took to give sailors scurvy, and vitamin deficiencies can cause a number of other health problems. Simply packing some multi-vitamins will not be enough to keep astronauts healthy as they explore deep space. They will need fresh produce.
Right now on the space station, astronauts receive regular shipments of a wide variety of freeze-dried and prepackaged meals to cover their dietary needs – resupply missions keep them freshly stocked. When crews venture further into space, traveling for months or years without resupply shipments, the vitamins in prepackaged form break down over time, which presents a problem for astronaut health.
NASA is looking at ways to provide astronauts with nutrients in a long-lasting, easily absorbed form—freshly grown fresh fruits and vegetables. The challenge is how to do that in a closed environment without sunlight or Earth’s gravity.
Veggie
The Vegetable Production System, known as Veggie, is a space garden residing on the space station. Veggie’s purpose is to help NASA study plant growth in microgravity, while adding fresh food to the astronauts’ diet and enhancing happiness and well-being on the orbiting laboratory. The Veggie garden is about the size of a carry-on piece of luggage and typically holds six plants. Each plant grows in a “pillow” filled with a clay-based growth media and fertilizer. The pillows are important to help distribute water, nutrients and air in a healthy balance around the roots. Otherwise, the roots would either drown in water or be engulfed by air because of the way fluids in space tend to form bubbles.
In the absence of gravity, plants use other environmental factors, such as light, to orient and guide growth. A bank of light emitting diodes (LEDs) above the plants produces a spectrum of light suited for the plants’ growth. Since plants reflect a lot of green light and use more red and blue wavelengths, the Veggie chamber typically glows magenta pink.To date, Veggie has successfully grown a variety of plants, including three types of lettuce, Chinese cabbage, mizuna mustard, red Russian kale and zinnia flowers. The flowers were especially popular with astronaut Scott Kelly, who picked a bouquet and photographed it floating in the cupola against the backdrop of Earth. Some of the plants were harvested and eaten by the crew members, with remaining samples returned to Earth to be analyzed. One concern was harmful microbes growing on the produce. So far, no harmful contamination has been detected, and the food has been safe (and enjoyable) for the crew to eat.
Our team at Kennedy Space Center envisions planting more produce in the future, such as tomatoes and peppers. Foods like berries, certain beans and other antioxidant-rich foods would have the added benefit of providing some space radiation protection for crew members who eat them.
356 Best Four Season Garden Inspiration images | Garden …
I Love Nutritional Science: Dr. Joel Fuhrman at TEDxCharlottesville 2013
Growing Nutrient Dense Food with Dr. Joel Fuhrman – Tour His Garden
12 Reasons Why I Grow My Fresh Food – Fruits and Vegetables in my Front Yard
8 years ago John from http://www.growingyourgreens.com/ answers a viewers question about why grow food and the its benefits. This viewer is going to give a persuasive speech in their speech class to persuade his classmates to grow food! So John comes to the rescue and shares his 12 reasons for growing food ands why he thinks you should grow food too.
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Garden
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Autumn colours at Stourhead gardens
A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, or enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials. The most common form today is a residential garden, but the term garden has traditionally been a more general one. Zoos, which display wild animals in simulated natural habitats, were formerly called zoological gardens.[1][2] Western gardens are almost universally based on plants, with garden often signifying a shortened form of botanical garden. Some traditional types of eastern gardens, such as Zen gardens, use plants sparsely or not at all.
Gardens may exhibit structural enhancements including statuary, follies, pergolas, trellises, stumperies, dry creek beds and water features such as fountains, ponds (with or without fish), waterfalls or creeks. Some gardens are for ornamental purposes only, while some gardens also produce food crops, sometimes in separate areas, or sometimes intermixed with the ornamental plants. Food-producing gardens are distinguished from farms by their smaller scale, more labor-intensive methods, and their purpose (enjoyment of a hobby or self-sustenance rather than producing for sale). Flower gardens combine plants of different heights, colors, textures, and fragrances to create interest and delight the senses.
Gardening is the activity of growing and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur or professional gardener. A gardener might also work in a non-garden setting, such as a park, a roadside embankment, or other public space.
Landscape architecture is a related professional activity with landscape architects tending to specialise in design for public and corporate clients.
Contents
- 1Etymology
- 2Design
- 3Elements
- 4Uses
- 5Types
- 6Other similar spaces
- 7Gardens and the environment
- 8Irrigation
- 9See also
- 10References
- 11External links
Etymology
The etymology of the word gardening refers to enclosure: it is from Middle English gardin, from Anglo-French gardin, jardin, of Germanic origin; akin to Old High German gard, gart, an enclosure or compound, as in Stuttgart. See Grad (Slavic settlement) for more complete etymology.[3] The words yard, court, and Latin hortus (meaning “garden,” hence horticulture and orchard), are cognates—all referring to an enclosed space.[4]
The term “garden” in British English refers to a small enclosed area of land, usually adjoining a building.[5] This would be referred to as a yard in American English.
Design
Naturalistic design of a Chinese garden incorporated into the landscape, including a pavilionMain article: Garden design
Garden design is the process of creating plans for the layout and planting of gardens and landscapes. Gardens may be designed by garden owners themselves, or by professionals. Professional garden designers tend to be trained in principles of design and horticulture, and have a knowledge and experience of using plants. Some professional garden designers are also landscape architects, a more formal level of training that usually requires an advanced degree and often a state license.
Elements of garden design include the layout of hard landscape, such as paths, rockeries, walls, water features, sitting areas and decking, as well as the plants themselves, with consideration for their horticultural requirements, their season-to-season appearance, lifespan, growth habit, size, speed of growth, and combinations with other plants and landscape features. Consideration is also given to the maintenance needs of the garden, including the time or funds available for regular maintenance, which can affect the choices of plants regarding speed of growth, spreading or self-seeding of the plants, whether annual or perennial, and bloom-time, and many other characteristics. Garden design can be roughly divided into two groups, formal and naturalistic gardens.
The most important consideration in any garden design is how the garden will be used, followed closely by the desired stylistic genres, and the way the garden space will connect to the home or other structures in the surrounding areas. All of these considerations are subject to the limitations of the budget. Budget limitations can be addressed by a simpler garden style with fewer plants and less costly hard landscape materials, seeds rather than sod for lawns, and plants that grow quickly; alternatively, garden owners may choose to create their garden over time, area by area.
- Garden of the Taj Mahal, IndiaRoyal gardens of Reggia di Caserta, Italy
- Chehel Sotoun Garden, Isfahan, Iran
- Example of a garden attached to a place of worship: the cloister of the Abbey of Monreale, Sicily, Italy
- The Sunken Garden of Butchart Gardens, Victoria, British Columbia
- Gardens of Versailles (France)
- The back garden of the Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, India
- Tropical garden in the Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore in Singapore
- Gardens at Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, feature many heirloom varieties of plants.
- Shitennō-ji Honbo Garden in Osaka, Osaka prefecture, Japan – an example of a Zen garden.ElementsGarden with fountains, Villa d’Este, Italy.Most gardens consist of a mix of natural and constructed elements, although even very ‘natural’ gardens are always an inherently artificial creation. Natural elements present in a garden principally comprise flora (such as trees and weeds), fauna (such as arthropods and birds), soil, water, air and light. Constructed elements include paths, patios, decking, sculptures, drainage systems, lights and buildings (such as sheds, gazebos, pergolas and follies), but also living constructions such as flower beds, ponds and lawns.Uses
Partial view from the Botanical Garden of Curitiba (Southern Brazil): parterres, flowers, fountains, sculptures, greenhouses and tracks composes the place used for recreation and to study and protect the flora.
A garden can have aesthetic, functional, and recreational uses:
- Cooperation with nature
- Observation of nature
- Relaxation
- Growing useful produce
- Flowers to cut and bring inside for indoor beauty
- Fresh herbs and vegetables for cooking
Types
Main article: List of garden types
Parc de Bagatelle, a rose garden in Paris
A typical Italian garden at Villa Garzoni, near Pistoia
French formal garden in the Loire Valley
A kaiyu-shiki or strolling Japanese garden
Gardens may feature a particular plant or plant type(s):
- Alpine garden
- Bog garden
- Cactus garden
- Fernery
- Flower garden
- Kitchen garden
- Orchard
- Physic garden
- Pollinator garden
- Rose garden
- Shade garden
- Terrarium
- Walled garden
- Water garden
- Wildlife garden
Gardens may feature a particular style or aesthetic:
- Bonsai
- Chinese garden
- Color garden
- Dutch garden
- English landscape garden
- French formal garden
- French landscape garden
- Gardens of the French Renaissance
- German garden
- Greek gardens
- Italian Renaissance garden
- Japanese garden
- Knot garden
- Korean garden
- Mary garden
- Monastic garden
- Mughal garden
- Natural landscaping
- Paradise garden
- Persian garden
- Philosophical garden
- Pleasure garden
- Roman gardens
- Sacred garden
- Sensory garden
- Shakespeare garden
- Spanish garden
- Tea garden
- Therapeutic garden
- Trial garden
- Tropical garden
- Xeriscaping
- Zen garden
Other types:
- Back garden
- Botanical garden
- Bottle garden
- Butterfly garden
- Butterfly zoo
- Chinampa
- Cold frame garden
- Community garden
- Container garden
- Cottage garden
- Cutting garden
- Forest garden
- Front yard
- Greenhouse
- Green wall
- Hanging garden
- Hydroponic garden
- Market garden
- Pekarangan
- Rain garden
- Raised bed gardening
- Residential garden
- Rock garden
- Roof garden
- School garden
- Sculpture garden
- Square foot garden
- Trial garden
- Victory garden
- Walled garden
- Zoological garden
Other similar spaces
Other outdoor spaces that are similar to gardens include:
- A landscape is an outdoor space of a larger scale, natural or designed, usually unenclosed and considered from a distance.
- A park is a planned outdoor space, usually enclosed (‘imparked’) and of a larger size. Public parks are for public use.
- An arboretum is a planned outdoor space, usually large, for the display and study of trees.
- A farm or orchard is for the production of food stuff.
- A botanical garden is a type of garden where plants are grown both for scientific purposes and for the enjoyment and education of visitors.
- A zoological garden, or zoo for short, is a place where wild animals are cared for and exhibited to the public.
- A Kindergarten is a preschool educational institution for children and in the very sense of the word should have access or be part of a garden.
- A Männergarten is a temporary day-care and activities space for men in German-speaking countries while their wives or girlfriends go shopping. Historically, the expression has also been used for gender-specific sections in lunatic asylums, monasteries and clinics.
Gardens and the environment
Main articles: Sustainable gardening and Sustainable landscaping
Gardeners may cause environmental damage by the way they garden, or they may enhance their local environment. Damage by gardeners can include direct destruction of natural habitats when houses and gardens are created; indirect habitat destruction and damage to provide garden materials such as peat, rock for rock gardens, and by the use of tapwater to irrigate gardens; the death of living beings in the garden itself, such as the killing not only of slugs and snails but also their predators such as hedgehogs and song thrushes by metaldehyde slug killer; the death of living beings outside the garden, such as local species extinction by indiscriminate plant collectors; and climate change caused by greenhouse gases produced by gardening.
Climate change
Climate change will have many impacts on gardens; some studies suggest most of them will be negative.[8] Gardens also contribute to climate change. Greenhouse gases can be produced by gardeners in many ways. The three main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Gardeners produce carbon dioxide directly by overcultivating soil and destroying soil carbon, by burning garden waste on bonfires, by using power tools which burn fossil fuel or use electricity generated by fossil fuels, and by using peat. Gardeners produce methane by compacting the soil and making it anaerobic, and by allowing their compost heaps to become compacted and anaerobic. Gardeners produce nitrous oxide by applying excess nitrogen fertiliser when plants are not actively growing so that the nitrogen in the fertiliser is converted by soil bacteria to nitrous oxide. Gardeners can help to prevent climate change in many ways, including the use of trees, shrubs, ground cover plants and other perennial plants in their gardens, turning garden waste into soil organic matter instead of burning it, keeping soil and compost heaps aerated, avoiding peat, switching from power tools to hand tools or changing their garden design so that power tools are not needed, and using nitrogen-fixing plants instead of nitrogen fertiliser.
Irrigation
Further information: Rain garden
Some gardeners manage their gardens without using any water from outside the garden. Examples in Britain include Ventnor Botanic Garden on the Isle of Wight, and parts of Beth Chatto‘s garden in Essex, Sticky Wicket garden in Dorset, and the Royal Horticultural Society’s gardens at Harlow Carr and Hyde Hall. Rain gardens absorb rainfall falling onto nearby hard surfaces, rather than sending it into stormwater drains.[10] For irrigation, see rainwater, sprinkler system, drip irrigation, tap water, greywater, hand pump and watering can. ========================================================
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Persian gardens
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Eram Garden is a famous historic Persian garden in Shiraz, Iran
The tradition and style of garden design represented by Persian gardens or Iranian gardens (Persian: باغ ایرانی), an example of the paradise garden, has influenced the design of gardens from Andalusia to India and beyond.[1][2] The gardens of the Alhambra show the influence of Persian garden philosophy and style in a Moorish palace scale, from the era of al-Andalus in Spain. Humayun’s Tomb and Taj Mahal have some of the largest Persian gardens in the world, from the era of the Mughal Empire in India.
Concept and etymology
A schematic diagram of a Persian garden. Note the quadripartite structure with focal water feature, connecting aqueducts, and surrounding trees, as well as the placement of the palace
From the time of the Achaemenid Empire, the idea of an earthly paradise spread through Persian literature and example to other cultures, both the Hellenistic gardens of the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemies in Alexandria. The Avestan word pairidaēza-, Old Persian *paridaida-,[note 1] Median *paridaiza- (walled-around, i.e., a walled garden), was borrowed into Akkadian, and then into Greek Ancient Greek: παράδεισος, romanized: parádeisos, then rendered into the Latin paradīsus, and from there entered into European languages, e.g., French paradis, German Paradies, and English paradise.[3]
As the word expresses, such gardens would have been enclosed. The garden’s purpose was, and is, to provide a place for protected relaxation in a variety of manners: spiritual, and leisurely (such as meetings with friends), essentially a paradise on earth. The Common Iranian word for “enclosed space” was *pari-daiza- (Avestan pairi-daēza-), a term that was adopted by Christian mythology to describe the garden of Eden or Paradise on earth.[4]
The garden’s construction may be formal (with an emphasis on structure) or casual (with an emphasis on nature), following several simple design rules. This allows a maximization, in terms of function and emotion, of what may be done in the garden.
History
Gardens outside of the Palace of Darius I of Persia in Persepolis.
Persian gardens may originate as early as 4000 BC, but it is clear that this Iranian tradition began with the Achaemenid dynasty around the 6th century BCE.[5] Decorated pottery of that time displays the typical cross plan of the Persian garden. The outline of Pasargadae, built around 500 BC, is still viewable today. Classical Iranians were seen by the Greeks as the ‘great gardeners’ of antiquity; Cyrus II (known also as Cyrus the Younger) is alleged to have told the Spartan commander Lysander that he gardened daily when not campaigning, and had himself laid out the park at Sardis, which he called his ‘paradise’ (a Greek corruption of the Old Persian word for garden). [6]
During the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire, under the influence of Zoroastrianism, water in art grew increasingly important. This trend manifested itself in garden design, with greater emphasis on fountains and ponds in gardens.
During the Umayyad and Abbasid periods, the aesthetic aspect of the garden increased in importance, overtaking utility. During this time, aesthetic rules that govern the garden grew in importance. An example of this is the chahār bāgh (چهارباغ), a form of garden that attempts to emulate the Abrahamic notion of a Garden of Eden, with four rivers and four quadrants that represent the world. The design sometimes extends one axis longer than the cross-axis and may feature water channels that run through each of the four gardens and connect to a central pool.
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Persian rose (HD1080p) MrBangthamai
Persian Rose
Persian Roses particularly belong to Shiraz, the cultural capital of Iran. In fact, many people around the world know Shiraz by its enhancing Persian Roses.
Persian red rose is believed to be popular among the roses. It has a long, jagged stem and dark green leaves. This flower has a good aroma, so its aromas are used in cosmetics and hygiene products. Shiraz Roses
Persian Red Rose
Shiraz Rose
The best time to travel to Shiraz is in the spring, in May. When there is no news from the crowds of Norouz, as well as flamboyant flowers, Persian Rose, Mohammadi, Narges and Baboonai flowers have flown a flower festival in the city. It should breathe the city’s air with the smell of colorful flowers.
Persian Pink Rose
Different Colors of Persian Roses
Persian Roses are produced in 4 colors, and all are available on the market during the whole year. Pink Roses are so favorable by Iranian which is reflected on the Persian architecture and aesthetic monuments, such as Pink Mosque and beautiful Persian gardens in Shiraz.
Persian Rose , Eram Garden
Differences between Persian and Dutch roses:
Appearance of buds: Difference in the appearance of Dutch and Persian roses in the form that the stalks of Persian rose is full of thorns, and also red roses of Persian with ordinary petals and bright red and Dutch rose with the petal is dark-red. Shiraz Roses
Duration of Rose Shelf: The most important difference is the duration of flowering or its useful life, so that the useful life of roses in Iran is between 3 and 6 days and the Dutch rose in the life of 10 to 20 days is not comparable to its Iranian counterpart.
Persian Roses are more suitable for gardens, and they are more durable when you plant them on the garden not to pick them for the vase. Persian Rose
Pink Rose , Shiraz
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TSK-24 Amazing Montreal Botanical Garden Canada. The Montreal Botanical Garden (French: Jardin botanique de Montréal) is a large botanical garden in Montreal, Quebec, Canada comprising 75 hectares (190 acres) of thematic gardens and greenhouses. It was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2008 as it is considered to be one of the most important botanical gardens in the world due to the extent of its collections and facilities
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Beautiful Flower Garden in Canada, The Butchart Gardens Beautiful 4K And HDR Videos The Butchart Gardens is a group of floral display gardens in Brentwood Bay, British Columbia, Canada, located near Victoria on Vancouver Island and the gardens have been designated a National Historic Site of Canada. As you see in this video clip, it is the compilation of beautiful flowers garden to be displayed along with roses flowers from other gardens that have been remixed in this video.
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MrBangthamai ”Banff National Park” is Canada’s oldest national park. It was established in 1885 and is located in the Rocky Mountains (in province Alberta). The main commercial centre of the park is the town Banff, in the Bow River valley. The Park has a subarctic climate with three ecoregions, including montane, subalpine, and alpine. The mountains are formed from sedimentary rocks which were pushed east over newer rock strata, between 80 and 55 million years ago. Erosion from water and ice have carved the mountains into their current shapes. …
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Niagara Falls – Ontario , Canada. Best Things To Do/See When You Visiting Niagara Falls City: Horseshoe Falls 01:00 American Falls 05:00 Hornblower Niagara Cruise 11:55 Skylon Tower 05:55 Clifton Hill Street 16:45 Niagara Whirlpool 09:00 #niagarafalls
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Exbury Gardens – England (HD1080p) Exbury Gardens is a renowned botanical garden and garden collection of great repute, located in Hampshire, England, which belongs to the English branch of the Rothschild family of bankers.
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Most Beautiful Gardens in Europe (HD1080p) MrBangthamai
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TSK-24 The Most Beautiful Scenery in the World – Beautiful Pictures
WaynesVDOs Palawan in Phillipines, The Faroe Islands, New Zealand Geothermal region (near Rotorua), Lofoten Island, Zhangye Danxia in China (google this). Q) You realize you left out Machu Picchu? A) Over-rated! Over-rated! just kidding, it’s not made by Mother Nature. Q) Why isnt Greece/Nepal in your video. Me and my countrymen will harass you untill you add our beloved countries. A) I noticed there are a lot of people from these two countries patrolling youtube and flaming any videos that left out their country. Greece and Nepal are beautiful countries with rich history. Places like Meteora/Santorini or Taktsang/Bhaktapur are breathtaking. However, these places are man made and do not belong in my video! However, I generously have Greek Coast at #37 and Southern Himalayas at #48. I have respect for your countries, so please don’t harass me. Q). You seemed to be biased toward China! *points fingers at me* A). On one hand, if I were to redo the list, I probably would have moved down Huangshan. On the other hand, despite what’s in the video, I have left out more worthwhile places in China than any other country. Just google “China Danxia” (6 unique areas of scenery throughout China group together as one unesco heritage site), “yunnan Province Scenery/stone forest”, Guizhou Province, “longhu mountain”, etc etc,. Q) What is song #12 and #15 A) Run by Snow Patrol and Resistance by Muse Q) Can we have a list of all the songs? A) No I’m too lazy. But 10 of the 25 songs are by the Cure, greatest band in History. Q) Where is Angel Falls, Bora Bora, Grand Canyon, Milford Sound, Halong Bay? A) They are covered in the video under other names, look again… Q) Where is Serengeti, Galapagos, Redwoods, Sequoia, Socotra?!? A) This videos looks at natural art with a geological canvas. Plants and animals will not be a main factor. Q) Palau is not in Indonesia, you moron! A) I didnt say it is. #18 is the island landscape that covers parts Palau and parts of Indonesia. Q) It seems like that you group different countries or national parks together. A) This is a video of Nature’s work. It’s humans that drew a line between USA/Canada or Brazil/Argentina. It’s humans that defined Grand Canyon vs Zion National Park and Yellowstone vs Grand Teton. I tried to group the places by proximity and geology.
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