fullmoonbk1 » 4 Seasons Gardens plus

Best 100 Moon and Full Moon Monthly Celebration, Parties, Events, Shows, Books, eBooks, Information, Pictures, Video, Products and Services plus lots of Promotional Contents, Free for all Visitors

Earth_moon_comp — Earth’s moon compared to Earth https://www.nasa.gov/moon

You’re invited to connect with a global community of lunar observers. The next International Observe the Moon Nigh at: https://moon.nasa.gov/observe-the-moon-night/

The Moon moderates Earth’s wobble on its axis, leading to a relatively stable climate over billions of years. Moon In Depth by NASA https://moon.nasa.gov/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji_QeVdc0WI

The moon in the sky (HD1080p) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji_QeVdc0WI)

The moon in the sky (HD1080p) MrBangthamai

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_tWscxK3EM

Moon Shining (HD1080p) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_tWscxK3EM)

Moon Shining (HD1080p

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AL4_Sky68sw

Moonlight color (HD1080p) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AL4_Sky68sw)

Moonlight color (HD1080p)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SbmGxoVRD40

Moonlight color (HD1080p) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SbmGxoVRD40)

Moonlight color (HD1080p) MrBangthamai
*** ”Moon Festival September 24, 2018” .. a Chinese festival held in the middle of the autumn. “There, for every major festival – such as New Year, the mid-autumn Moon Festival , and Tomb-Sweeping Day, when Chinese visit their ancestral tombs – we would celebrate family reunions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiseQBBhILo

Moonlight colour (HD1080p) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XiseQBBhILo)

Moonlight colour 3 (HD1080p)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvtnHCa8rXc

Moon Chants – Full Album – Healing Music Relax24

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WG4YmhktPEA

The 100 Most Beautiful Images of the Moon (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WG4YmhktPEA)

The 100 Most Beautiful Images of the Moon
Richest World Dreams The most 100 Impressive and Beautiful photos of the Moon (Super Moon 2016) The 50 SuperMoonFail worst images | https://youtu.be/Yddad4owWeo SuperMoon 2016 | The most spectacular supermoon since 1948 will light up the sky, appearing 14 per cent bigger and 30 per cent brighter than usual. The event on Monday November 14 – described as “undeniably beautiful” by American space agency Nasa – is the result of the moon coming closer to Earth than it has done for 69 years. Nothing will match it until the moon makes a similar approach on November 25 2034.

white mosque near city under full moon sky

Moon In Depth by NASA https://moon.nasa.gov/

The regular daily and monthly rhythms of Earth’s only natural satellite, the Moon, have guided timekeepers for thousands of years. Its influence on Earth’s cycles, notably tides, has been charted by many cultures in many ages. The Moon moderates Earth’s wobble on its axis, leading to a relatively stable climate over billions of years.

Quick Facts

Average Distance from Earth: 238,855 | 384,400 kilometers, Orbit and Rotation Period: 27.32 Earth Days

Equatorial Radius: 1,079.6 miles | 1.737.5 kilometers, Mass: 0.0123 of Earth’s (a bit more than 1 percent)

Gravity: 0.166 of Earth’s (If you weigh 100 pounds (45 kilograms) on Earth, you’d weight 16.6 pounds (7.5 kilograms) on the moon)

Temperature Range: -414 to 253 degrees Farenheit (-248 to 123 degrees Celsius)

++++++

See more at: Google Moon Images Look at 1000 face of moon

Google.com/moon Look at face of moon

Google.com/earth

+++++

Full Moon Archives – The Virtual Telescope Project 2.0

www.virtualtelescope.eu › tag › full-moon

The Super Moon will be back, but with something special: it will be the largest full Moon of 2020. At Virtual Telescope we will show it live, online, …

++++

Supermoon, Blood Moon, Blue Moon and Harvest Moon

A full moon occurs when the side of the Moon facing Earth is fully lit up by the Sun. There are a few different types of unusual full moon types, which include blood moons, supermoons, blue moons, and harvest moons, and others

+++++

What is the harvest moon? BBC

The harvest moon is the name given to the full Moon that takes place closest to the autumn equinox.

This is why the harvest moon can fall any time between September and October.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/41484454

++++
When Is the Next Full Moon? | 2020 Full Moon Dates and …

www.farmersalmanac.com › Astronomy

Your full Moon resource! Be sure to check our Full Moon Calendar each month for all the full Moon dates, names, and times for the year.

++++

Full Moon Ritual at Google

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muiVba5sZEY

Full Flower Moon Meditation | Relaxing Healing Soothing Peaceful Flute Music for Meditation (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muiVba5sZEY)

Full Flower Moon Meditation | Relaxing Healing Soothing Peaceful Flute Music for Meditation Sherry Finzer
Enjoy this 28-minute relaxing and peaceful instrumental meditation track created for the 2020 Full Flower Moon. The full moon is said to heighten the activity of the mind, amplifying conscious thoughts as well as pulling sub-conscious ones to the surface/conscious mind. This can awaken one’s spirituality, making it particularly beneficial to participate in a full moon meditation, with comfort, peace, healing and wisdom.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2MtEsrcTTs

Neil Young – Harvest Moon [Official Music Video] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2MtEsrcTTs)

Neil Young – Harvest Moon (Official Music Video) neilyoungchannel

Full moon, Harvest Moon music, audio, songs and more at: Amazon music

++++
Full moon calendar 1900-2050
www.fullmoon.info › fullmoon-calendar_1900-2050

Full moon …

These pages are dedicated to the full moon. And the people who are looking for magic.

The full moon knowledge https://www.fullmoon.info/en/fullmoon-knowledge.html
The full moon poems

A poetry collection of well-known and unknown poets. These works have one thing in common: the word “full moon”.

If you would like to make your full moon poem public, please send it to us.

Send full moon poem

https://www.fullmoon.info/en/fullmoon-poems.html

++++

home.hiwaay.net › ~krcool › Astro › moon › fullmoon

Date and time (GMT) Julian Day 1920 Jan 5 21:04 Mon
Full Moon Dates Between (1900 – 2100)

Search for every full moon between 1900 and 2100.
Included are month, day of month and day of week
Time is given in GMT along with the Julian date.

2019 Dec 12 05:14  Thu    2458829.718

2020 – 2030

Date and time (GMT)       Julian Day
2020 Jan 10 19:23  Fri    2458859.308
2020 Feb  9 07:35  Sun    2458888.816
2020 Mar  9 17:49  Mon    2458918.242
2020 Apr  8 02:37  Wed    2458947.609
2020 May  7 10:47  Thu    2458976.949
2020 Jun  5 19:15  Fri    2459006.302
2020 Jul  5 04:46  Sun    2459035.699
2020 Aug  3 16:00  Mon    2459065.167
2020 Sep  2 05:23  Wed    2459094.724
2020 Oct  1 21:06  Thu    2459124.379
2020 Oct 31 14:51  Sat    2459154.119
2020 Nov 30 09:31  Mon    2459183.897
2020 Dec 30 03:29  Wed    2459213.645
2021 Jan 28 19:17  Thu    2459243.303
2021 Feb 27 08:19  Sat    2459272.847
2021 Mar 28 18:50  Sun    2459302.285
2021 Apr 27 03:34  Tue    2459331.649
2021 May 26 11:16  Wed    2459360.969
2021 Jun 24 18:42  Thu    2459390.279
2021 Jul 24 02:39  Sat    2459419.610
2021 Aug 22 12:03  Sun    2459449.002
2021 Sep 20 23:56  Mon    2459478.497
2021 Oct 20 14:58  Wed    2459508.124
2021 Nov 19 08:59  Fri    2459537.874
2021 Dec 19 04:37  Sun    2459567.692
2022 Jan 17 23:50  Mon    2459597.493
2022 Feb 16 16:58  Wed    2459627.207
2022 Mar 18 07:19  Fri    2459656.805
2022 Apr 16 18:57  Sat    2459686.290
2022 May 16 04:16  Mon    2459715.678
2022 Jun 14 11:53  Tue    2459744.995
2022 Jul 13 18:39  Wed    2459774.277
2022 Aug 12 01:36  Fri    2459803.567
2022 Sep 10 09:59  Sat    2459832.916
2022 Oct  9 20:56  Sun    2459862.372
2022 Nov  8 11:04  Tue    2459891.961
2022 Dec  8 04:10  Thu    2459921.674
2023 Jan  6 23:10  Fri    2459951.465
2023 Feb  5 18:30  Sun    2459981.271
2023 Mar  7 12:42  Tue    2460011.029
2023 Apr  6 04:36  Thu    2460040.692
2023 May  5 17:36  Fri    2460070.233
2023 Jun  4 03:43  Sun    2460099.655
2023 Jul  3 11:39  Mon    2460128.985
2023 Aug  1 18:32  Tue    2460158.272
2023 Aug 31 01:36  Thu    2460187.567
2023 Sep 29 09:58  Fri    2460216.915
2023 Oct 28 20:25  Sat    2460246.351
2023 Nov 27 09:18  Mon    2460275.888
2023 Dec 27 00:35  Wed    2460305.524
2024 Jan 25 17:56  Thu    2460335.247
2024 Feb 24 12:32  Sat    2460365.022
2024 Mar 25 07:02  Mon    2460394.793
2024 Apr 23 23:51  Tue    2460424.494
2024 May 23 13:55  Thu    2460454.080
2024 Jun 22 01:09  Sat    2460483.548
2024 Jul 21 10:18  Sun    2460512.929
2024 Aug 19 18:26  Mon    2460542.268
2024 Sep 18 02:35  Wed    2460571.608
2024 Oct 17 11:28  Thu    2460600.978
2024 Nov 15 21:30  Fri    2460630.396
2024 Dec 15 09:03  Sun    2460659.877
2025 Jan 13 22:29  Mon    2460689.437
2025 Feb 12 13:55  Wed    2460719.080
2025 Mar 14 06:56  Fri    2460748.789
2025 Apr 13 00:24  Sun    2460778.517
2025 May 12 16:58  Mon    2460808.207
2025 Jun 11 07:46  Wed    2460837.824
2025 Jul 10 20:38  Thu    2460867.360
2025 Aug  9 07:56  Sat    2460896.831
2025 Sep  7 18:09  Sun    2460926.256
2025 Oct  7 03:48  Tue    2460955.658
2025 Nov  5 13:21  Wed    2460985.056
2025 Dec  4 23:16  Thu    2461014.469
2026 Jan  3 10:04  Sat    2461043.919
2026 Feb  1 22:11  Sun    2461073.424
2026 Mar  3 11:40  Tue    2461102.986
2026 Apr  2 02:14  Thu    2461132.593
2026 May  1 17:25  Fri    2461162.226
2026 May 31 08:47  Sun    2461191.866
2026 Jun 29 23:58  Mon    2461221.499
2026 Jul 29 14:37  Wed    2461251.109
2026 Aug 28 04:20  Fri    2461280.681
2026 Sep 26 16:50  Sat    2461310.201
2026 Oct 26 04:13  Mon    2461339.676
2026 Nov 24 14:55  Tue    2461369.122
2026 Dec 24 01:30  Thu    2461398.562
2027 Jan 22 12:19  Fri    2461428.013
2027 Feb 20 23:26  Sat    2461457.476
2027 Mar 22 10:47  Mon    2461486.949
2027 Apr 20 22:30  Tue    2461516.438
2027 May 20 11:01  Thu    2461545.959
2027 Jun 19 00:46  Sat    2461575.532
2027 Jul 18 15:47  Sun    2461605.158
2027 Aug 17 07:31  Tue    2461634.813
2027 Sep 15 23:06  Wed    2461664.462
2027 Oct 15 13:49  Fri    2461694.076
2027 Nov 14 03:28  Sun    2461723.644
2027 Dec 13 16:11  Mon    2461753.174
2028 Jan 12 04:05  Wed    2461782.670
2028 Feb 10 15:06  Thu    2461812.129
2028 Mar 11 01:09  Sat    2461841.548
2028 Apr  9 10:30  Sun    2461870.938
2028 May  8 19:51  Mon    2461900.327
2028 Jun  7 06:11  Wed    2461929.758
2028 Jul  6 18:13  Thu    2461959.259
2028 Aug  5 08:12  Sat    2461988.842
2028 Sep  3 23:50  Sun    2462018.493
2028 Oct  3 16:27  Tue    2462048.185
2028 Nov  2 09:19  Thu    2462077.888
2028 Dec  2 01:42  Sat    2462107.571
2028 Dec 31 16:50  Sun    2462137.201
2029 Jan 30 06:05  Tue    2462166.753
2029 Feb 28 17:13  Wed    2462196.217
2029 Mar 30 02:29  Fri    2462225.603
2029 Apr 28 10:39  Sat    2462254.944
2029 May 27 18:40  Sun    2462284.278
2029 Jun 26 03:25  Tue    2462313.642
2029 Jul 25 13:38  Wed    2462343.068
2029 Aug 24 01:53  Fri    2462372.578
2029 Sep 22 16:31  Sat    2462402.188
2029 Oct 22 09:30  Mon    2462431.896
2029 Nov 21 04:04  Wed    2462461.669
2029 Dec 20 22:47  Thu    2462491.449
2030 Jan 19 15:55  Sat    2462521.163
2030 Feb 18 06:22  Mon    2462550.765
2030 Mar 19 17:59  Tue    2462580.249
2030 Apr 18 03:22  Thu    2462609.640
2030 May 17 11:21  Fri    2462638.973
2030 Jun 15 18:43  Sat    2462668.280
2030 Jul 15 02:14  Mon    2462697.593
2030 Aug 13 10:46  Tue    2462726.949
2030 Sep 11 21:20  Wed    2462756.389
2030 Oct 11 10:49  Fri    2462785.951
2030 Nov 10 03:33  Sun    2462815.648
2030 Dec  9 22:42  Mon    2462845.446

More at : http://home.hiwaay.net/~krcool/Astro/moon/fullmoon.htm

++++

The Full Moon By Vigdis Hocken

The Full Moon is the most spectacular Moon phase when the entire face of the Moon is lit up.
The Full Moon – Time and Datewww.timeanddate.com › astronomy › moon › full-moon

The Full Moon is the moment the entire face of the Moon is illuminated by the Sun’s rays. … 100% Illuminated … Most years have 12 Full Moons, 1 each month. … The symbol for Full Moon in modern calendars is a completely white circle.

+++++

Phases of the Moon: 2001 to 2100 Universal Time

Introduction Read and see all 100 year at: http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/phasescat/phases2001.html

The following table gives the date and time (Universal Time) of the Moon’s phases for 100 years. This data is of particular use to historical research projects.

The length of the mean synodic month (New Moon to New Moon) as calculated for the year 2000 is 29.530588 days (= 29d 12h 44m 03s). However, the length of any one synodic month can vary from 29.26 to 29.80 days due to perturbing effects of the Sun on the Moon’s eccentric orbit. For example, see Length of the Synodic Month: 2001 to 2100.

For conversion to time zones other than Universal Time, see Time Zones. If Daylight Saving Time is in effect, add one hour to the times listed.

Historians should note that the astronomical dating system used in these tables includes the year “0” while the traditional BCE – CE dating convention does not. Thus, the year “0” here corresponds to “1 BCE”, the year “-100” is “101 BCE”, and so on. The old style Julian calendar is used for dates prior to 1582 Oct 15, while the modern Gregorian calendar is used after that date. For more information, see calendar dates.

If an eclipse of the Sun or Moon takes place on a given date, it is indicated to the right of the date by a single character representing the type of eclipse. Abbreviations for the different types of eclipses appear below.

Phases of the Moon: 2021 to 2030
Universal Time (UT)



 Year      New Moon       First Quarter       Full Moon       Last Quarter 

 2021                                                         Jan  6  09:37    
        Jan 13  05:00     Jan 20  21:02     Jan 28  19:16     Feb  4  17:37    
        Feb 11  19:06     Feb 19  18:47     Feb 27  08:17     Mar  6  01:30    
        Mar 13  10:21     Mar 21  14:40     Mar 28  18:48     Apr  4  10:02    
        Apr 12  02:31     Apr 20  06:59     Apr 27  03:31     May  3  19:50    
        May 11  19:00     May 19  19:13     May 26  11:14 t   Jun  2  07:24    
        Jun 10  10:53 A   Jun 18  03:54     Jun 24  18:40     Jul  1  21:11    
        Jul 10  01:17     Jul 17  10:11     Jul 24  02:37     Jul 31  13:16    
        Aug  8  13:50     Aug 15  15:20     Aug 22  12:02     Aug 30  07:13    
        Sep  7  00:52     Sep 13  20:39     Sep 20  23:55     Sep 29  01:57    
        Oct  6  11:05     Oct 13  03:25     Oct 20  14:57     Oct 28  20:05    
        Nov  4  21:15     Nov 11  12:46     Nov 19  08:58 p   Nov 27  12:28    
        Dec  4  07:43 T   Dec 11  01:36     Dec 19  04:36     Dec 27  02:24    


 Year      New Moon       First Quarter       Full Moon       Last Quarter 

 2022   Jan  2  18:34     Jan  9  18:11     Jan 17  23:49     Jan 25  13:41    
        Feb  1  05:46     Feb  8  13:50     Feb 16  16:57     Feb 23  22:32    
        Mar  2  17:35     Mar 10  10:45     Mar 18  07:18     Mar 25  05:37    
        Apr  1  06:24     Apr  9  06:48     Apr 16  18:55     Apr 23  11:56    
        Apr 30  20:28 P   May  9  00:21     May 16  04:14 t   May 22  18:43    
        May 30  11:30     Jun  7  14:48     Jun 14  11:52     Jun 21  03:11    
        Jun 29  02:52     Jul  7  02:14     Jul 13  18:37     Jul 20  14:18    
        Jul 28  17:55     Aug  5  11:07     Aug 12  01:36     Aug 19  04:36    
        Aug 27  08:17     Sep  3  18:08     Sep 10  09:59     Sep 17  21:52    
        Sep 25  21:54     Oct  3  00:14     Oct  9  20:55     Oct 17  17:15    
        Oct 25  10:49 P   Nov  1  06:37     Nov  8  11:02 t   Nov 16  13:27    
        Nov 23  22:57     Nov 30  14:36     Dec  8  04:08     Dec 16  08:56    
        Dec 23  10:17     Dec 30  01:21                                        


 Year      New Moon       First Quarter       Full Moon       Last Quarter 

 2023                                       Jan  6  23:08     Jan 15  02:10    
        Jan 21  20:53     Jan 28  15:19     Feb  5  18:29     Feb 13  16:01    
        Feb 20  07:06     Feb 27  08:06     Mar  7  12:40     Mar 15  02:08    
        Mar 21  17:23     Mar 29  02:32     Apr  6  04:35     Apr 13  09:11    
        Apr 20  04:12 H   Apr 27  21:20     May  5  17:34 n   May 12  14:28    
        May 19  15:53     May 27  15:22     Jun  4  03:42     Jun 10  19:31    
        Jun 18  04:37     Jun 26  07:50     Jul  3  11:39     Jul 10  01:48    
        Jul 17  18:32     Jul 25  22:07     Aug  1  18:32     Aug  8  10:28    
        Aug 16  09:38     Aug 24  09:57     Aug 31  01:35     Sep  6  22:21    
        Sep 15  01:40     Sep 22  19:32     Sep 29  09:58     Oct  6  13:48    
        Oct 14  17:55 A   Oct 22  03:29     Oct 28  20:24 p   Nov  5  08:37    
        Nov 13  09:27     Nov 20  10:50     Nov 27  09:16     Dec  5  05:49    
        Dec 12  23:32     Dec 19  18:39     Dec 27  00:33                      


 Year      New Moon       First Quarter       Full Moon       Last Quarter 

 2024                                                         Jan  4  03:30    
        Jan 11  11:57     Jan 18  03:53     Jan 25  17:54     Feb  2  23:18    
        Feb  9  22:59     Feb 16  15:01     Feb 24  12:30     Mar  3  15:24    
        Mar 10  09:00     Mar 17  04:11     Mar 25  07:00 n   Apr  2  03:15    
        Apr  8  18:21 T   Apr 15  19:13     Apr 23  23:49     May  1  11:27    
        May  8  03:22     May 15  11:48     May 23  13:53     May 30  17:13    
        Jun  6  12:38     Jun 14  05:18     Jun 22  01:08     Jun 28  21:53    
        Jul  5  22:57     Jul 13  22:49     Jul 21  10:17     Jul 28  02:51    
        Aug  4  11:13     Aug 12  15:19     Aug 19  18:26     Aug 26  09:26    
        Sep  3  01:56     Sep 11  06:06     Sep 18  02:34 p   Sep 24  18:50    
        Oct  2  18:49 A   Oct 10  18:55     Oct 17  11:26     Oct 24  08:03    
        Nov  1  12:47     Nov  9  05:56     Nov 15  21:29     Nov 23  01:28    
        Dec  1  06:22     Dec  8  15:27     Dec 15  09:02     Dec 22  22:18    
        Dec 30  22:27                                                          


 Year      New Moon       First Quarter       Full Moon       Last Quarter 

 2025                     Jan  6  23:56     Jan 13  22:27     Jan 21  20:31    
        Jan 29  12:36     Feb  5  08:02     Feb 12  13:53     Feb 20  17:33    
        Feb 28  00:45     Mar  6  16:32     Mar 14  06:55 t   Mar 22  11:30    
        Mar 29  10:58 P   Apr  5  02:15     Apr 13  00:22     Apr 21  01:36    
        Apr 27  19:31     May  4  13:52     May 12  16:56     May 20  11:59    
        May 27  03:02     Jun  3  03:41     Jun 11  07:44     Jun 18  19:19    
        Jun 25  10:31     Jul  2  19:30     Jul 10  20:37     Jul 18  00:38    
        Jul 24  19:11     Aug  1  12:41     Aug  9  07:55     Aug 16  05:12    
        Aug 23  06:06     Aug 31  06:25     Sep  7  18:09 t   Sep 14  10:33    
        Sep 21  19:54 P   Sep 29  23:54     Oct  7  03:48     Oct 13  18:13    
        Oct 21  12:25     Oct 29  16:21     Nov  5  13:19     Nov 12  05:28    
        Nov 20  06:47     Nov 28  06:59     Dec  4  23:14     Dec 11  20:52    
        Dec 20  01:43     Dec 27  19:10                                        


 Year      New Moon       First Quarter       Full Moon       Last Quarter 

 2026                                       Jan  3  10:03     Jan 10  15:48    
        Jan 18  19:52     Jan 26  04:48     Feb  1  22:09     Feb  9  12:43    
        Feb 17  12:01 A   Feb 24  12:28     Mar  3  11:38 t   Mar 11  09:39    
        Mar 19  01:23     Mar 25  19:18     Apr  2  02:12     Apr 10  04:52    
        Apr 17  11:52     Apr 24  02:32     May  1  17:23     May  9  21:11    
        May 16  20:01     May 23  11:11     May 31  08:45     Jun  8  10:01    
        Jun 15  02:54     Jun 21  21:55     Jun 29  23:57     Jul  7  19:29    
        Jul 14  09:44     Jul 21  11:06     Jul 29  14:36     Aug  6  02:22    
        Aug 12  17:37 T   Aug 20  02:46     Aug 28  04:18 p   Sep  4  07:51    
        Sep 11  03:27     Sep 18  20:44     Sep 26  16:49     Oct  3  13:25    
        Oct 10  15:50     Oct 18  16:13     Oct 26  04:12     Nov  1  20:28    
        Nov  9  07:02     Nov 17  11:48     Nov 24  14:53     Dec  1  06:09    
        Dec  9  00:52     Dec 17  05:43     Dec 24  01:28     Dec 30  19:00    


 Year      New Moon       First Quarter       Full Moon       Last Quarter 

 2027   Jan  7  20:24     Jan 15  20:34     Jan 22  12:17     Jan 29  10:56    
        Feb  6  15:56 A   Feb 14  07:58     Feb 20  23:24 n   Feb 28  05:16    
        Mar  8  09:29     Mar 15  16:25     Mar 22  10:44     Mar 30  00:54    
        Apr  6  23:51     Apr 13  22:57     Apr 20  22:27     Apr 28  20:18    
        May  6  10:59     May 13  04:44     May 20  10:59     May 28  13:58    
        Jun  4  19:40     Jun 11  10:56     Jun 19  00:44     Jun 27  04:54    
        Jul  4  03:02     Jul 10  18:39     Jul 18  15:45     Jul 26  16:55    
        Aug  2  10:05 T   Aug  9  04:54     Aug 17  07:29 n   Aug 25  02:27    
        Aug 31  17:41     Sep  7  18:31     Sep 15  23:04     Sep 23  10:20    
        Sep 30  02:36     Oct  7  11:47     Oct 15  13:47     Oct 22  17:29    
        Oct 29  13:36     Nov  6  08:00     Nov 14  03:26     Nov 21  00:48    
        Nov 28  03:24     Dec  6  05:22     Dec 13  16:09     Dec 20  09:11    
        Dec 27  20:12                                                          


 Year      New Moon       First Quarter       Full Moon       Last Quarter 

 2028                     Jan  5  01:40     Jan 12  04:03 p   Jan 18  19:26    
        Jan 26  15:13 A   Feb  3  19:11     Feb 10  15:04     Feb 17  08:08    
        Feb 25  10:37     Mar  4  09:02     Mar 11  01:06     Mar 17  23:23    
        Mar 26  04:31     Apr  2  19:15     Apr  9  10:27     Apr 16  16:37    
        Apr 24  19:47     May  2  02:26     May  8  19:49     May 16  10:43    
        May 24  08:16     May 31  07:37     Jun  7  06:09     Jun 15  04:27    
        Jun 22  18:28     Jun 29  12:11     Jul  6  18:11 p   Jul 14  20:57    
        Jul 22  03:02 T   Jul 28  17:40     Aug  5  08:10     Aug 13  11:45    
        Aug 20  10:44     Aug 27  01:36     Sep  3  23:48     Sep 12  00:46    
        Sep 18  18:24     Sep 25  13:10     Oct  3  16:25     Oct 11  11:57    
        Oct 18  02:57     Oct 25  04:53     Nov  2  09:17     Nov  9  21:26    
        Nov 16  13:18     Nov 24  00:15     Dec  2  01:40     Dec  9  05:39    
        Dec 16  02:06     Dec 23  21:45     Dec 31  16:48 t                    


 Year      New Moon       First Quarter       Full Moon       Last Quarter 

 2029                                                         Jan  7  13:26    
        Jan 14  17:24 P   Jan 22  19:23     Jan 30  06:04     Feb  5  21:52    
        Feb 13  10:31     Feb 21  15:10     Feb 28  17:10     Mar  7  07:52    
        Mar 15  04:19     Mar 23  07:33     Mar 30  02:26     Apr  5  19:52    
        Apr 13  21:40     Apr 21  19:50     Apr 28  10:37     May  5  09:48    
        May 13  13:42     May 21  04:16     May 27  18:37     Jun  4  01:19    
        Jun 12  03:51 P   Jun 19  09:54     Jun 26  03:22 t   Jul  3  17:58    
        Jul 11  15:51 P   Jul 18  14:14     Jul 25  13:36     Aug  2  11:16    
        Aug 10  01:56     Aug 16  18:55     Aug 24  01:51     Sep  1  04:33    
        Sep  8  10:44     Sep 15  01:29     Sep 22  16:29     Sep 30  20:57    
        Oct  7  19:14     Oct 14  11:09     Oct 22  09:28     Oct 30  11:32    
        Nov  6  04:24     Nov 13  00:35     Nov 21  04:03     Nov 28  23:48    
        Dec  5  14:52 P   Dec 12  17:49     Dec 20  22:46 t   Dec 28  09:49    


 Year      New Moon       First Quarter       Full Moon       Last Quarter 

 2030   Jan  4  02:49     Jan 11  14:06     Jan 19  15:54     Jan 26  18:15    
        Feb  2  16:08     Feb 10  11:49     Feb 18  06:20     Feb 25  01:58    
        Mar  4  06:35     Mar 12  08:48     Mar 19  17:56     Mar 26  09:51    
        Apr  2  22:02     Apr 11  02:57     Apr 18  03:20     Apr 24  18:39    
        May  2  14:12     May 10  17:12     May 17  11:19     May 24  04:57    
        Jun  1  06:21 A   Jun  9  03:36     Jun 15  18:41 p   Jun 22  17:20    
        Jun 30  21:34     Jul  8  11:02     Jul 15  02:12     Jul 22  08:08    
        Jul 30  11:11     Aug  6  16:43     Aug 13  10:44     Aug 21  01:15    
        Aug 28  23:07     Sep  4  21:56     Sep 11  21:18     Sep 19  19:57    
        Sep 27  09:55     Oct  4  03:56     Oct 11  10:47     Oct 19  14:50    
        Oct 26  20:17     Nov  2  11:56     Nov 10  03:30     Nov 18  08:32    
        Nov 25  06:46 T   Dec  1  22:57     Dec  9  22:40 n   Dec 18  00:01    
        Dec 24  17:32     Dec 31  13:36

+++++

Full moon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Read more: https://wiki2.org/en/Full_moon

For other uses, see Full moon (disambiguation), Harvest moon (disambiguation), and Hunter’s moon (disambiguation).”Strawberry Moon” redirects here. For the jazz album by Grover Washington Jr., see Strawberry Moon (album).

The supermoon of 14 November 2016 was 356,511 km (221,526 mi) away from the center of Earth. This occurrence happens yearly with the next one in 2020, the previous being in 2018.

The full Moon of 22 October 2010, as seen through a 235 mm (9.25 in) Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope. This full Moon was near its northernmost ecliptic latitude (or northern lunistice), so the southern craters are especially prominent and cast shadows visible from Earth.

The full moon is the lunar phase when the Moon appears fully illuminated from Earth‘s perspective. This occurs when Earth is located between the Sun and the Moon (more exactly, when the ecliptic longitudes of the Sun and Moon differ by 180°). This means that the lunar hemisphere facing Earth – the near side – is completely sunlit and appears as a circular disk. The full moon occurs roughly once a month.

The time interval between a full (or new) moon and the next repetition of the same phase, a synodic month, averages about 29.53 days. Therefore, in those lunar calendars in which each month begins on the day of the new moon, the full moon falls on either the 14th or 15th day of the lunar month. Because a calendar month consists of a whole number of days, a month in a lunar calendar may be either 29 or 30 days long.

Characteristics

A full moon is often thought of as an event of a full night’s duration. This is somewhat misleading because its phase seen from Earth continuously waxes or wanes (though much too slowly to notice in real time with the naked eye). By definition, its maximum illumination occurs at the moment waxing stops. For any given location, about half of these maximum full moons may be visible, while the other half occurs during the day, when the full moon is below the horizon.

Many almanacs list full moons not only by date, but also by their exact time, usually in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Typical monthly calendars that include lunar phases may be offset by one day when prepared for a different time zone.

The full moon is generally a suboptimal time for astronomical observation of the Moon because shadows vanish. It is a poor time for other observations because the bright sunlight reflected by the Moon, amplified by the opposition surge, then outshines many stars.

On 12 December 2008, the full moon was closer to the Earth than it had been at any time in the previous 15 years. This was referred to in popular media as a supermoon.

On 19 March 2011, there was another full “supermoon”, closer to the Earth than at any time in the previous 18 years.

On 14 November 2016, there was another full “supermoon”; this time it was closer to the Earth than at any time in the previous 68 years.

Formula

The date and approximate time of a specific full moon (assuming a circular orbit) can be calculated from the following equation: $d=20.362000+29.530588861\times N+102.026\times 10^{-12}\times N^{2}$

where d is the number of days since 1 January 2000 00:00:00 in the Terrestrial Time scale used in astronomical ephemerides; for Universal Time (UT) add the following approximate correction to d: $-0.000739-(235\times 10^{-12})\times N^{2}$ days

where N is the number of full moons since the first full moon of 2000. The true time of a full moon may differ from this approximation by up to about 14.5 hours as a result of the non-circularity of the Moon’s orbit. See New moon for an explanation of the formula and its parameters.

The age and apparent size of the full moon vary in a cycle of just under 14 synodic months, which has been referred to as a full moon cycle.

Lunar eclipses

A full moon appears as a half moon during an eclipse moonset over the High Desert in California, on the morning of the Trifecta: Full moon, Supermoon, Lunar eclipse, January 2018 lunar eclipse

When the Moon moves into Earth’s shadow, a lunar eclipse occurs, during which all or part of the Moon’s face may appear reddish due to the Rayleigh scattering of blue wavelengths and the refraction of sunlight through Earth’s atmosphere. Lunar eclipses happen only during a full moon and around points on its orbit where the satellite may pass through the planet’s shadow. A lunar eclipse does not occur every month because the Moon’s orbit is inclined 5.14° with respect to the ecliptic plane of Earth; thus, the Moon usually passes north or south of Earth’s shadow, which is mostly restricted to this plane of reference. Lunar eclipses happen only when the full moon occurs around either node of its orbit (ascending or descending). Therefore, a lunar eclipse occurs about every six months, and often two weeks before or after a solar eclipse, which occurs during a new moon around the opposite node.

YouTube Encyclopedic

✪ Aquarius Full Moon Lunar Eclipse, July 27, 2018 Astrology Forecast
✪ 5 Things You Should Know About The FULL MOON: (June 28th, 2018)
✪ Full Moon Lunar Eclipse July 27, 2018 Twin Flame Energy Report!
✪ FULL Moon / Lunar Eclipse (UPDATED) Energy Report: July 27th, 2018
✪ Full Moon (UPDATED) Energy Report – June 28th, 2018

In folklore and tradition

A full moon rising, seen through the Belt of Venus

Full moons are traditionally associated with insomnia (inability to sleep), insanity (hence the terms lunacy and lunatic) and various “magical phenomena” such as lycanthropy. Psychologists, however, have found that there is no strong evidence for effects on human behavior around the time of a full moon. They find that studies are generally not consistent, with some showing a positive effect and others showing a negative effect. In one instance, the 23 December 2000 issue of the British Medical Journal published two studies on dog bite admission to hospitals in England and Australia. The study of the Bradford Royal Infirmary found that dog bites were twice as common during a full moon, whereas the study conducted by the public hospitals in Australia found that they were less likely.

Full moon names

Historically, month names are names of moons (lunations, not necessarily full moons) in lunisolar calendars. Since the introduction of the solar Julian calendar in the Roman Empire, and later the Gregorian calendar worldwide, people no longer perceive month names as “moon” names. The traditional Old English month names were equated with the names of the Julian calendar from an early time (soon after Christianization, according to the testimony of Bede around AD 700).

Some full moons have developed new names in modern times, such as “blue moon“, as well as “harvest moon” and “hunter’s moon” for the full moons of autumn.

Lunar eclipses occur only at a full moon and often cause a reddish hue on the near side of the Moon. This full moon has been called a blood moon in popular culture.

Harvest and hunter’s moons

“Harvest moon” and “Hunter’s moon” redirect here. For other uses, see Harvest moon (disambiguation) and Hunter’s moon (disambiguation).

A harvest moon. Its orange color is due to greater Rayleigh scattering as the moon appears close above the horizon, rather than being unique to harvest moons.

The “harvest moon” and the “hunter’s moon” are traditional names for the full moons in late summer and in the autumn in the Northern Hemisphere, usually in September and October, respectively.

The “harvest moon” is the full moon nearest to the autumnal equinox (22 or 23 September), occurring anytime within two weeks before or after that date. The “hunter’s moon” is the full moon following it. The names are recorded from the early 18th century. The Oxford English Dictionary entry for “harvest moon” cites a 1706 reference, and for “hunter’s moon” a 1710 edition of The British Apollo, where the term is attributed to “the country people” (“The Country People call this the Hunters-Moon.”) The names became traditional in American folklore, where they are now often popularly attributed to Native Americans. The Feast of the Hunters’ Moon is a yearly festival in West Lafayette, Indiana, held in late September or early October each year since 1968. In 2010, the harvest moon occurred on the night of the equinox itself (some 5¹⁄₂ hours after the moment of equinox) for the first time since 1991.

All full moons rise around the time of sunset. Since the Moon moves eastward among the stars faster than the Sun, lunar culmination is delayed by about 50.47 minutes (on average) each day, thus causing moonrise to occur later each day.

Due to the high lunar standstill, the harvest and hunter’s moons of 2007 were special because the time difference between moonrises on successive evenings was much shorter than average. The Moon rose about 30 minutes later from one night to the next, as seen from about 40° N or S latitude (because the full moon of September 2007 rose in the northeast rather than in the east). Hence, no long period of darkness occurred between sunset and moonrise for several days after the full moon, thus lengthening the time in the evening when there is enough twilight and moonlight to work to get the harvest in.

Farmers’ Almanacs

The Maine Farmers’ Almanac from around the 1930s began to publish Native American “Indian” full moon names. The Farmers’ Almanac (since 1955 published in Maine, but not the same publication as the Maine Farmers’ Almanac) continues to do so.

An early list of “Indian month names” was published in 1918 by Daniel Carter Beard in his The American Boy’s Book of Signs, Signals and Symbols for use by the boy scouts. Beard’s “Indian” month names were:

January: Difficulty, Black Smoke
February: Raccoon, Bare Spots on the Ground
March: Wind, Little Grass, Sore-Eye
April: Ducks, Goose-Eggs
May: Green Grass, Root-Food
June: Corn-Planting, Strawberry
July: Buffalo (Bull), Hot Sun
August: Harvest, Cow Buffalo
September: Wild Rice, Red Plum
October: Leaf-Falling, Nuts
November: Deer-Mating, Fur-Pelts
December: Wolves, Big Moon

Such names have gained currency in American folklore. They appear in print more widely outside of the almanac tradition from the 1990s in popular publications about the Moon. Mysteries of the Moon by Patricia Haddock (“Great Mysteries Series”, Greenhaven Press, 1992) gave an extensive list of such names along with the individual tribal groups they were supposedly associated with. Haddock supposes that certain “Colonial American” moon names were adopted from Algonquian languages (which were formerly spoken in the territory of New England), while others are based in European tradition (e.g. the Colonial American names for the May moon, “Milk Moon”, “Mother’s Moon”, “Hare Moon” have no parallels in the supposed native names, while the name of November, “Beaver Moon” is supposedly based in an Algonquian language).

The individual names (some inconsistent) given in Farmers’ Almanac, which is not authoritative, include the following:

January: “Wolf Moon” (for December in Beard 1918), “Old Moon”, “Moon After Yule”, “Winter Moon”
February: “Snow Moon”, “Hunger Moon”, “Storm Moon”
March: “Worm Moon”, “Crow Moon”, “Sap Moon”, “Crust Moon”, “Lenten Moon”, “Wind Moon”
April: “Seed Moon”, “Pink Moon”, “Sprouting Grass Moon”, “Pascal Moon”, “Egg Moon” (c.f. “Goose-Egg” in Beard 1918), “Fish Moon”, “Frog Moon”, “Spring Moon”, “Awakening Moon”, “Sap Moon”
May: “Milk Moon”, “Flower Moon”, “Corn Planting Moon”, “Grass Moon”, “Mother’s Moon”
June: “Mead Moon”, “Strawberry Moon” (c.f. Beard 1918), “Rose Moon”, “Hot Moon”, “Thunder Moon”
July: “Hay Moon”, “Buck Moon”, “Elk Moon”, “Summer Moon”, “Thunder Moon”
August: “Corn Moon”, “Sturgeon Moon”, “Red Moon”, “Barley Moon”, “Green Corn Moon”, “Grain Moon”, “Herb Moon”, “Wyrt Moon”, “Dog Moon”
September: “Harvest Moon”, “Corn Moon”, “Fruit Moon”, “Barley Moon”
October: “Hunter’s Moon”, “Blood Moon”, “Autumn Moon”, “Fall Moon”, “Sanguine Moon”, “Pumpkin Moon”, “Dying Moon”
November: “Beaver Moon”, “Turkey Moon”, “Frosty Moon”, “Dark Moon”
December: “Oak Moon”, “Cold Moon”, “Long Night’s Moon”

The Long Night’s Moon is the last full moon of the year and the one nearest the winter solstice.

“Ice Moon” is also used to refer to the first full moon of January or February.

Hindu full moon festivals

In Hinduism, most festivals are celebrated on auspicious days. Many of the Hindu festivals are celebrated on days with a full moon at night. Different parts of India celebrate the same day with different names, as listed below:

Chaitra Purnima – Gudi Padua, Yugadi, Ugadi, Hanuman Jayanti (April 15, 2014)
Vaishakh Purnima – Narasimh Jayanti, Buddha Jayanthi (Buddha’s_Birthday) (May 14, 2014)
Jyeshtha Purnima – Vat Savitri Vrat Vat Purnima (June 8, 2014)
Ashadh Purnima – Guru Purnima, Vyas Purnima (important day for starting education and honoring teachers)
Shravan Purnima – Good day for starting Upanayana day, Avani Avittam, Raksha Bandhan. Conceptually Onam also comes on this day.
Bhadrapad Purnima – Start of Pitru Paksha, Madhu Purnima
Ashvin Purnima – Sharad Purnima
Kartik Poornima – Karthikai Deepam festival, Thrukkarthika (in Kerala)
Margasirsha Purnima – Thiruvathira, Dathatreya Jayanthi
Pushya Purnima – Thaipusam, Shakambharee Purnima
Magha Purnima
Phalguna Purnima – Holi

Lunar and lunisolar calendars

The December 2015 full moon coincided with Christmas day. This last occurred in 1977, with a Christmas Eve full moon between in 1996 and a full moon the day after Christmas in 2004 and before Christmas Eve in 2007 (both not shown here). A small horizontal libration is visible comparing their appearances. By the 19-year metonic cycle the full moon will repeat on Christmas day in 2034, 2053, 2072, and 2091.Main article: Lunar calendar

Most pre-modern calendars the world over were lunisolar, combining the solar year with the lunation by means of intercalary months. The Julian calendar abandoned this method in favour of a purely solar reckoning while conversely the 7th-century Islamic calendar opted for a purely lunar one.

A continuing lunisolar calendar is the Hebrew calendar. Evidence of this is noted in the dates of Passover and Easter in Judaism and Christianity, respectively. Passover falls on the full moon on 15 Nisan of the Hebrew calendar. The date of the Jewish Rosh Hashana and Sukkot festivals along with all other Jewish holidays are dependent on the dates of the new moons.

Intercalary months

Main article: Intercalary month

In lunisolar calendars, an intercalary month occurs seven times in the 19 years of the Metonic cycle, or on average every 2.7 years (19/7). In the Hebrew Calendar this is noted with a periodic extra month of Adar in the early spring.

Blue moon

Further information: Blue moon

In the modern system of “traditional” American full moon names tied to the solstice and equinox points, a supernumerary full moon in such a period is called a blue moon. The term “blue moon” used in this sense may date to as early as the 16th century, but it became well-known in the United States due to the Farmers’ Almanac (published since 1818).

According to the pattern of use in the Farmers’ Almanac, a “blue moon” is the third full moon in any period between either a solstice and an equinox, or between an equinox and a solstice, (calculated using the mean tropical year), which contains four full moons. These seasons are equal in length, unlike the astronomical ones, which vary in length depending on the Earth’s speed in its elliptical orbit round the Sun. To compare, in 1983 the equal length seasons began at 1:48 am on 23 March, 9:15 am on 22 June, 4:42 pm on 21 September and 12:10 am on 22 December, while the astronomical seasons began at 4:39 am on 21 March, 11:09 pm on 21 June, 2:42 pm on 23 September and 10:30 am on 22 December (all times GMT).

Due to analysis of an inadequate number of old issues of the Farmer’s Almanac the author of an article in the March 1946 issue of Sky & Telescope magazine falsely concluded that a “blue moon” had been used in the sense of “the second full moon in any month which contains two full moons”. This mistaken rule has been admitted to be “erroneous” in a 1999 Sky & Telescope article, which gave the corrected rule based on order in seasons. According to either definition, “blue moons” occur with the average frequency of intercalary months, seven times in 19 years, the Farmers’ Almanac system of full moon names effectively defining a lunisolar calendar.

Lunar calendar

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A Spanish lunar calendar for 2017

A lunar calendar is a calendar based on the monthly cycles of the Moon‘s phases (synodic months), in contrast to solar calendars, whose annual cycles are based only directly on the solar year. The most commonly used calendar, the Gregorian calendar, is a solar calendar system that originally evolved out of a lunar calendar system. A purely lunar calendar is also distinguished from a lunisolar calendar, whose lunar months are brought into alignment with the solar year through some process of intercalation. The details of when months begin varies from calendar to calendar, with some using new, full, or crescent moons and others employing detailed calculations.

Since each lunation is approximately 29 ¹⁄₂ days (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 3 seconds, or 29.530588 days), it is common for the months of a lunar calendar to alternate between 29 and 30 days. Since the period of 12 such lunations, a lunar year, is only 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, 34 seconds (354.367056 days), purely lunar calendars lose around 11 days per year relative to the Gregorian calendar. In purely lunar calendars, which do not make use of intercalation, like the Islamic calendar, the lunar months cycle through all the seasons of a solar year over the course of a 33 lunar-year cycle.

Although the Gregorian calendar is in common and legal use in most countries, traditional lunar and lunisolar calendars continue to be used throughout the Old World to determine religious festivals and national holidays. Examples of such holidays include Ramadan (Islamic calendar); Easter; the Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Mongolian New Year (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Mongolian calendars); the Nepali New Year (Nepali calendar); the Mid-Autumn Festival and Chuseok (Chinese and Korean calendars); Loi Krathong (Thai calendar); Sunuwar calendar; Vesak/Buddha’s Birthday (Buddhist calendar); Diwali (Hindu calendars); and Rosh Hashanah (Hebrew calendar).

History

A lunar calendar was found at Warren Field in Scotland and has been dated to c. 8000 bc, during the Mesolithic period. Some scholars argue for lunar calendars still earlier—Rappenglück in the marks on a c. 17,000 year-old cave painting at Lascaux and Marshack in the marks on a c. 27,000 year-old bone baton—but their findings remain controversial. Scholars have argued that ancient hunters conducted regular astronomical observations of the Moon back in the Upper Palaeolithic. Samuel L. Macey dates the earliest uses of the Moon as a time-measuring device back to 28,000-30,000 years ago.

Lunisolar calendars

Main article: Lunisolar calendar

Most calendars referred to as “lunar” calendars are in fact lunisolar calendars. Their months are based on observations of the lunar cycle, with intercalation being used to bring them into general agreement with the solar year. The solar “civic calendar” that was used in ancient Egypt showed traces of its origin in the earlier lunar calendar, which continued to be used alongside it for religious and agricultural purposes. Present-day lunisolar calendars include the Chinese, Vietnamese, Hindu, and Thai calendars.

Synodic months are 29 or 30 days in length, making a lunar year of 12 months about 11 days shorter than a solar year. Some lunar calendars do not use intercalation, such as most Islamic calendars. For those that do, such as the Hebrew calendar, and Buddhist Calendars in Myanmar, the most common form of intercalation is to add an additional month every second or third year. Some lunisolar calendars are also calibrated by annual natural events which are affected by lunar cycles as well as the solar cycle. An example of this is the lunar calendar of the Banks Islands, which includes three months in which the edible palolo worms mass on the beaches. These events occur at the last quarter of the lunar month, as the reproductive cycle of the palolos is synchronized with the moon.

Start of the lunar month

Lunar and lunisolar calendars differ as to which day is the first day of the month. In some lunisolar calendars, such as the Chinese calendar, the first day of a month is the day when an astronomical new moon occurs in a particular time zone. In others, such as some Hindu calendars, each month begins on the day after the full moon or the new moon. Others were based in the past on the first sighting of a lunar crescent, such as the Hebrew calendar and the Hijri calendar.

Length of the lunar month

The length of each lunar cycle varies slightly from the average value. In addition, observations are subject to uncertainty and weather conditions. Thus to avoid uncertainty about the calendar, there have been attempts to create fixed arithmetical rules to determine the start of each calendar month.

The average length of the synodic month is 29.530587981 days. Thus it is convenient if months generally alternate between 29 and 30 days (sometimes termed respectively “hollow” and “full”). The distribution of hollow and full months can be determined using continued fractions, and examining successive approximations for the length of the month in terms of fractions of a day. In the list below, after the number of days listed in the numerator of the fraction in the first columns, an integer number of months as listed in the denominator have been completed; the second column records the deviation accumulated with respect to the true synodic month duration and the time needed to achieve that deviation:

Fraction	Period in years + days	Division of months	Approximate deviation
29/1	0 years, 29 days	1 month of 29 days	After 2 months, calendar will be about 1 day behind the moon phases
30/1	0 years, 30 days	1 month of 30 days	After 2 months, calendar will be about 1 day ahead of the moon phases
59/2	0 years, 59 days	1 month of 30 days + 1 month of 29 days	After about 2.6 years, calendar will be about 1 day behind the moon phases
443/15	1 non-leap year + 78 days	8 months of 30 days + 7 months of 29 days	After about 30 years, calendar will be about 1 day ahead of the moon phases
502/17	1 non-leap year + 137 days	9 months of 30 days + 8 months of 29 days	After about 70 years, calendar will be about 1 day behind the moon phases
945/32	2 non-leap years + 215 days	17 months of 30 days + 15 months of 29 days	After about 122 years, calendar will be about 1 day ahead of the moon phases
1447/49	3 non-leap years + 352 days	26 months of 30 days + 23 months of 29 days	After about 3 millennia, calendar will be about 1 day ahead of the moon phases
25101/850	68 years incl. 17 leap years + 264 days	451 months of 30 days + 399 months of 29 days	Not accurate due to the multi-millennial change of the synodic month length.

These fractions can be used to construct a lunar calendar, or in combination with a solar calendar to produce a lunisolar calendar. A 49-month cycle was proposed as the basis of an alternative Easter computation by Isaac Newton around 1700. The tabular Islamic calendar‘s 360-month cycle is equivalent to 24×15 months, minus a correction of one day.

In First Nations Culture

Turtle shell calendar

Native american tribes have used a turtle’s back pattern of scales to establish the lunar calendar cycle. The peripheral scales surrounding the edge add up to 28, the number of days of a lunar cycle. The center of the shell comprises thirteen larger scales which represent the 13 moons of a year.

In Popular Culture

Time travel in the Dark (TV series) “occurs in increments of 33 years because the wormhole is only activated when the sun and moon align.”

List of lunar calendars

External links

Calendars
Systems	Lunar Lunisolar Solar
In wide use	Astronomical Chinese Gregorian Hindu Islamic ISO Unix time
In more limited use	Akan Armenian Assamese (Bhāshkarābda) Assyrian Baháʼí Badí‘ Balinese pawukon Balinese saka Bengali Bangladeshi Berber Buddhist Burmese Chinese Earthly Branches Heavenly Stems Ethiopian Gaelic Germanic heathen Georgian Hebrew Hindu or Indian Vikram Samvat Saka Igbo Iranian Jalali medieval Hijri modern Zoroastrian Islamic Fasli Tabular Jain Japanese Javanese Korean Juche Kurdish Lithuanian Malayalam Manipuri (Meitei) Melanau Mongolian Nanakshahi Nepal Sambat Nisg̱a’a Oromo Romanian Somali Sesotho Slavic Slavic Native Faith Tamil Taiwanese Thai lunar solar Tibetan Vietnamese Xhosa YorubaTypesRunic Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar roundChristian variantsCoptic Julian Revised Liturgical year Eastern Orthodox Saints
Historical	Arabian Attic Aztec Tōnalpōhualli Xiuhpōhualli Babylonian Bulgar Byzantine Cappadocian Celtic Cham Culāsakaraj Egyptian Florentine French Republican Germanic Greek Hindu Inca Macedonian Maya Haab’ Tzolk’in Muisca Pentecontad Pisan Rapa Nui Roman calendar Rumi Soviet Swedish Turkmen
By specialty	Holocene anthropological Proleptic Gregorian / Proleptic Julian historiographical Darian Martian Dreamspell New Age Discordian ‘Pataphysical
Proposals	Hanke–Henry Permanent International Fixed Pax Positivist Symmetry454 World
Fictional	Discworld (Discworld) Greyhawk (Dungeons & Dragons) Middle-earth (The Lord of the Rings) Stardate (Star Trek) Galactic Standard Calendar (Star Wars)
Displays and applications	Electronic Perpetual Wall
Year naming and numbering	TerminologyEra Epoch Regnal name Regnal year Year zeroSystemsAb urbe condita Anno Domini/Common Era Anno Mundi Assyrian Before Present Chinese Imperial Chinese Minguo Human Era Japanese Korean Seleucid Spanish Yugas Satya Treta Dvapara Kali Vietnamese
List of calendars Category

Time measurement and standards
Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology
International standards	Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31-1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6-hour clock (Italian · Thai) 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian New Earth Time
Obsolete standards	Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian
Time in physics	Absolute space and time Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T-symmetry
Horology	Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch stopwatch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema
Calendar	Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Holocene Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names
Archaeology and geology	Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy
Astronomical chronology	Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time
Other units of time	Flick Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium
Related topics	Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Decimal time Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper

Chronology
Key topics	Archaeology Astronomy Geology History Big History Paleontology Time
Periods Eras Epochs	Calendar eras Human Era Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Byzantine era Seleucid era Era of Caesar (Iberia) Before Present Hijri Egyptian Sothic cycle Hindu units of time (Yuga) Mesoamerican Long Count Short Count Tzolk’in Haab’Regnal year Canon of Kings Lists of kings Limmu Era names Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
Calendars	Pre-Julian / JulianPre-Julian Roman Original Julian Proleptic Julian Revised JulianGregorianGregorian Proleptic Gregorian Old Style and New Style dates Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Dual datingAstronomicalLunisolar Solar Lunar Astronomical year numberingOthersChinese sexagenary cycle Geologic Calendar Hebrew Iranian Islamic ISO week date Mesoamerican Maya Aztec Winter count New Earth Time
Astronomic time	Cosmic Calendar Ephemeris Galactic year Metonic cycle Milankovitch cycles
Geologic time	ConceptsDeep time Geological history of Earth Geological time unitsStandardsGlobal Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)MethodsChronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope geochemistry Law of superposition Luminescence dating Samarium–neodymium dating
Chronological dating	Absolute dating Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice core Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Radiocarbon Uranium–lead Potassium–argon Tephrochronology Luminescence dating Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating Fluorine absorption Nitrogen dating Obsidian hydration Seriation Stratigraphy
Genetic methods	Molecular clock
Linguistic methods	Glottochronology
Related topics	Chronicle New Chronology Synchronoptic view Timeline Year zero Circa Floruit Terminus post quem ASPRO chronology Phantom time hypothesis

The Moon
Outline
Physical properties	Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine
Orbit	Lunar distance Orbital elements Distance Perigee and apogee Libration Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar station
Surface and features	Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Lava tubes Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness South Pole–Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon
Science	Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant-impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Lunar seismology
Exploration	Missions Apollo program Explorers Probes Landing Colonization Tourism Lunar resources
Time-telling and navigation	Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar station Lunar distance
Phases and names	New Full Names Crescent Super and micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad
Related	Lunar deities Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Artificial objects on the Moon Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon landing conspiracy theories Moon Treaty “Moon is made of green cheese” Natural satellite Double planet Lilith (hypothetical second moon) Splitting of the moon
Category Commons WikiProject

Prehistoric technology
Prehistory Timeline Outline Stone Age Subdivisions New Stone Age Technology history Glossary
Tools FarmingNeolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle TerracingFood processingFire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern-stone Storage pit Hunting Arrow Boomerang throwing stick Bow and arrow history Nets Spear Spear-thrower baton harpoon woomera Schöningen spears Projectile points Arrowhead Bare Island Cascade Clovis Cresswell Cumberland Eden Folsom Lamoka Manis Site Plano Transverse arrowheadSystemsGame drive system Buffalo jump Toolmaking Earliest toolmaking Oldowan Acheulean Mousterian Aurignacian Clovis culture Cupstone Fire hardening Gravettian culture Hafting Hand axe Grooves Langdale axe industry Levallois technique Lithic core Lithic reduction analysis debitage flake Lithic technology Magdalenian culture Metallurgy Microblade technology Mining Prepared-core technique Solutrean industry Striking platform Tool stone Uniface Yubetsu techniqueOther toolsAdze Awl bone Axe Bannerstone Blade prismatic Bone tool Bow drill Burin Canoe Oar Pesse canoe Chopper tool Cleaver Denticulate tool Fire plough Fire-saw Hammerstone Knife Microlith Quern-stone Racloir Rope Scraper side Stone tool Tally stick Weapons Wheel illustration
ArchitectureCeremonialGöbekli Tepe Kiva Standing stones megalith row Stonehenge PyramidDwellingsNeolithic architecture British megalith architecture Nordic megalith architecture Burdei Cave Cliff dwelling Dugout Hut Quiggly hole Jacal Longhouse Mud brick Mehrgarh Neolithic long house Pit-house Pueblitos Pueblo Rock shelter Blombos Cave Abri de la Madeleine Sibudu Cave Stone roof Roundhouse Stilt house Alp pile dwellings Wattle and daubWater managementCheck dam Cistern Flush toilet Reservoir WellOther architectureArchaeological features Broch Burnt mound fulacht fiadh Causewayed enclosure Tor enclosure Circular enclosure Goseck Cursus Henge Thornborough Oldest surviving buildings Megalithic architectural elements Midden Timber circle Timber trackway Sweet Track
Arts and cultureMaterial goodsBaskets Beadwork Beds Chalcolithic Clothing/textiles timeline Cosmetics Glue Hides shoes Ötzi Jewelry amber use Mirrors Pottery Cardium Cord-marked Grooved ware Linear Jōmon Unstan ware Sewing needle Weaving Wine Winery wine press Prehistoric art Art of the Upper Paleolithic Art of the Middle Paleolithic Blombos Cave List of Stone Age art Bird stone Bradshaw rock paintings Cairn Carved stone balls Cave paintings painting pigment Cup and ring mark Geoglyph Golden hats Guardian stones Megalithic art Petroform Petroglyph Petrosomatoglyph Pictogram Rock art Rock cupule Stone carving Sculpture Statue menhir Stone circle list British Isles and Brittany Venus figurines Burial Burial mounds Bowl barrow Round barrow Mound Builders culture U.S. sites Chamber tomb Cotswold-Severn Cist Dartmoor kistvaens Clava cairn Court tomb Cremation Dolmen Great dolmen Funeral pyre Gallery grave transepted wedge-shaped Grave goods Jar burial Long barrow unchambered Grønsalen Megalithic tomb Mummy Passage grave Rectangular dolmen Ring cairn Simple dolmen Stone box grave Tor cairn Tumulus Unchambered long cairnOther culturalAstronomy sites lunar calendar Behavioral modernity Origin of language trepanning Prehistoric medicine Evolutionary musicology music archaeology Prehistoric music Alligator drum flutes Divje Babe flute gudi Prehistoric numerals Origin of religion Paleolithic religion Prehistoric religion Spiritual drug use Prehistoric warfare Symbols symbolism

++++

Lunar phase

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Read more: https://wiki2.org/en/Lunar_phase

Play mediaThe lunar phases and librations in 2020 as viewed from the Northern Hemisphere at hourly intervals, with titles and supplemental graphicsPlay mediaThe lunar phases and librations in 2020 as viewed from the Southern Hemisphere at hourly intervals, with titles and supplemental graphics

A full Moon sets behind San Gorgonio Mountain (in California) on a midsummer’s morning.

The lunar phase or Moon phase is the shape of the directly sunlit portion of the Moon as viewed from Earth. The lunar phases gradually change over the period of a synodic month (about 29.53 days), as the orbital positions of the Moon around Earth and of Earth around the Sun shift.

The Moon’s rotation is tidally locked by Earth’s gravity; therefore, most of the same lunar side always faces Earth. This near side is variously sunlit, depending on the position of the Moon in its orbit. Thus, the sunlit portion of this face can vary from 0% (at new moon) to 100% (at full moon). The lunar terminator is the boundary between the illuminated and darkened hemispheres.

Each of the four “intermediate” lunar phases (see below) is around 7.4 days, but this varies slightly due to the elliptical shape of the Moon’s orbit. Aside from some craters near the lunar poles, such as Shoemaker, all parts of the Moon see around 13.77 days of daylight, followed by 13.77 days of “night“. (The side of the Moon facing away from Earth is sometimes called the “dark side of the Moon”, although that is a misnomer).

✪ Moon Phases: Crash Course Astronomy #4
✪ Lunar Cycle, Why The Moon Change Shapes, 8 Phases Of The Moon, Learning Videos For Children
✪ Phases of the Moon: Astronomy and Space for Kids – FreeSchool
✪ Moon phases and how to fish them
✪ BrainPOP UK – Moon Phases

Transcription

Besides the Sun, the Moon is the most obvious
object in the sky. Bright, silvery, with tantalizing
features on its face, it’s been the
target of imagination, poetry, science,
and even the occasional rocket.
If you pay even the most cursory attention
to it, you’ll see that it changes every
day; sometimes it’s up in the day, sometimes
at night, and its shape is always changing.
What causes this behavior?Continue reading…

Phases of the Moon

“Waxing gibbous” redirects here. For the album, see Waxing Gibbous.

The phases of the Moon as viewed looking southward from the Northern Hemisphere. Each phase would be rotated 180° if seen looking northward from the Southern Hemisphere. The upper part of the diagram is not to scale, as the Moon is much farther from Earth than shown here.

There are four principal lunar phases: new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter (also known as third or final quarter), when the Moon’s ecliptic longitude is at an angle to the Sun (as viewed from Earth) of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, respectively. Each of these phases appear at slightly different times at different locations on Earth. During the intervals between principal phases are intermediate phases, during which the Moon’s apparent shape is either crescent or gibbous. The intermediate phases last one-quarter of a synodic month, or 7.38 days, on average. The descriptor waxing is used for an intermediate phase when the Moon’s apparent shape is thickening, from new to full moon, and waning when the shape is thinning. The longest duration between full moon to new moon (or new moon to full moon) lasts about 15 days and 14.5 hours, while the shortest duration between full moon to new moon (or new moon to full moon) lasts only about 13 days and 22.5 hours.

New Moon appears higher on summer solstice than on winter solstice.
First Quarter Moon appears higher on spring equinox than on autumnal (fall) equinox.
Full Moon appears higher on winter solstice than on summer solstice.
Last Quarter Moon appears higher on autumnal (fall) equinox than on spring equinox.
Waxing Crescent Moon appears higher on mid-spring (May 5 in the Northern Hemisphere or November 7 in the Southern Hemisphere) than on mid-autumn (November 7 in the Northern Hemisphere or May 5 in the Southern Hemisphere).
Waxing Gibbous Moon appears higher on mid-winter (February 4 in the Northern Hemisphere or August 7 in the Southern Hemisphere) than on mid-summer (August 7 in the Northern Hemisphere or February 4 in the Southern Hemisphere).
Waning Gibbous Moon appears higher on mid-autumn (November 7 in the Northern Hemisphere or May 5 in the Southern Hemisphere) than on mid-spring (May 5 in the Northern Hemisphere or November 7 in the Southern Hemisphere).
Waning Crescent Moon appears higher on mid-summer (August 7 in the Northern Hemisphere or February 4 in the Southern Hemisphere) than on mid-winter (February 4 in the Northern Hemisphere or August 7 in the Southern Hemisphere).

Moon Phase	Northern Hemisphere	Southern Hemisphere	Visibility	Average moonrise time	Mid-phase standard time	Average moonset time	Southern Hemisphere
New Moon	Disc completely in Sun’s shadow (lit by earthshine only)	Invisible (too close to Sun)	6 am	Noon	6 pm		Not visible
Waxing crescent	Right side, 0.1%–49.9% lit disc	Left side, 0.1–49.9% lit disc	Late morning to post-dusk	9 am	3 pm	9 pm
First Quarter	Right side, 50% lit disc	Left side, 50% lit disc	Afternoon and early evening	Noon	6 pm	Midnight
Waxing gibbous	Right side, 50.1%–99.9% lit disc	Left side, 50.1%–99.9% lit disc	Late afternoon and most of night	3 pm	9 pm	3 am
Full Moon	100% illuminated disc	Sunset to sunrise (all night)	6 pm	Midnight	6 am
Waning gibbous	Left side, 99.9%–50.1% lit disc	Right side, 99.9%–50.1% lit disc	Most of night and early morning	9 pm	3 am	9 am
Last Quarter	Left side, 50% lit disc	Right side, 50% lit disc	Late night and morning	Midnight	6 am	Noon
Waning crescent	Left side, 49.9%–0.1% lit disc	Right side, 49.9%–0.1% lit disc	Pre-dawn to early afternoon	3 am	9 am	3 pm

Play mediaThis video provides an illustration of how the Moon passes through its phases – a product of its orbit, which allows different parts of its surface to be illuminated by the Sun over the course of a month. The camera is locked to the Moon as Earth rapidly rotates in the foreground.

Non-Western cultures may use a different number of lunar phases; for example, traditional Hawaiian culture has a total of 30 phases (one per day).

Waxing and waning

Diagram of the Moon’s phases: The Earth is at the center of the diagram and the Moon is shown orbiting.

When the Sun and Moon are aligned on the same side of the Earth, the Moon is “new”, and the side of the Moon facing Earth is not illuminated by the Sun. As the Moon waxes (the amount of illuminated surface as seen from Earth is increasing), the lunar phases progress through new moon, crescent moon, first-quarter moon, gibbous moon, and full moon. The Moon is then said to wane as it passes through the gibbous moon, third-quarter moon, crescent moon, and back to new moon. The terms old moon and new moon are not interchangeable. The “old moon” is a waning sliver (which eventually becomes undetectable to the naked eye) until the moment it aligns with the Sun and begins to wax, at which point it becomes new again. Half moon is often used to mean the first- and third-quarter moons, while the term quarter refers to the extent of the Moon’s cycle around the Earth, not its shape.

When an illuminated hemisphere is viewed from a certain angle, the portion of the illuminated area that is visible will have a two-dimensional shape as defined by the intersection of an ellipse and circle (in which the ellipse’s major axis coincides with the circle’s diameter). If the half-ellipse is convex with respect to the half-circle, then the shape will be gibbous (bulging outwards), whereas if the half-ellipse is concave with respect to the half-circle, then the shape will be a crescent. When a crescent moon occurs, the phenomenon of earthshine may be apparent, where the night side of the Moon dimly reflects indirect sunlight reflected from Earth.

Orientation by latitude

In the Northern Hemisphere, if the left (east) side of the Moon is dark, then the bright part is thickening, and the Moon is described as waxing (shifting toward full moon). If the right (west) side of the Moon is dark, then the bright part is thinning, and the Moon is described as waning (past full and shifting toward new moon). Assuming that the viewer is in the Northern Hemisphere, the right side of the Moon is the part that is always waxing. (That is, if the right side is dark, the Moon is becoming darker; if the right side is lit, the Moon is getting brighter.)

In the Southern Hemisphere, the Moon is observed from a perspective inverted, or rotated 180°, to that of the Northern and to all of the images in this article, so that the opposite sides appear to wax or wane.

Closer to the Equator, the lunar terminator will appear horizontal during the morning and evening. Since the above descriptions of the lunar phases only apply at middle or high latitudes, observers moving towards the tropics from northern or southern latitudes will see the Moon rotated anti-clockwise or clockwise with respect to the images in this article.

The lunar crescent can open upward or downward, with the “horns” of the crescent pointing up or down, respectively. When the Sun appears above the Moon in the sky, the crescent opens downward; when the Moon is above the Sun, the crescent opens upward. The crescent Moon is most clearly and brightly visible when the Sun is below the horizon, which implies that the Moon must be above the Sun, and the crescent must open upward. This is therefore the orientation in which the crescent Moon is most often seen from the tropics. The waxing and waning crescents look very similar. The waxing crescent appears in the western sky in the evening, and the waning crescent in the eastern sky in the morning.

Earthshine

An overexposed photograph of a crescent Moon reveals earthshine and stars.Main article: Earthlight (astronomy)

When the Moon as seen from Earth is a thin crescent, Earth as viewed from the Moon is almost fully lit by the Sun. Often, the dark side of the Moon is dimly illuminated by indirect sunlight reflected from Earth, but is bright enough to be easily visible from Earth. This phenomenon is called earthshine and sometimes picturesquely described as “the old moon in the new moon’s arms” or “the new moon in the old moon’s arms”.

Calendar Main article: Lunar calendar

May–June 2005 calendar of lunar phases

The Gregorian calendar month, which is ¹⁄₁₂ of a tropical year, is about 30.44 days, while the cycle of lunar phases (the Moon’s synodic period) repeats every 29.53 days on average. Therefore, the timing of the lunar phases shifts by an average of almost one day for each successive month. (A lunar year lasts about 354 days.)

Photographing the Moon’s phase every day for a month (starting in the evening after sunset, and repeating roughly 24 hours and 50 minutes later, and ending in the morning before sunrise) and arranging the series of photos on a calendar would create a composite image like the example calendar (May 8 – June 6, 2005) shown on the left. May 20 is blank because a picture would be taken before midnight on May 19 and the next after midnight on May 21.

Similarly, on a calendar listing moonrise or moonset times, some days will appear to be skipped. When moonrise precedes midnight one night, the next moonrise will follow midnight on the next night (so too with moonset). The “skipped day” is just a feature of the Moon’s eastward movement in relation to the Sun, which at most latitudes, causes the Moon to rise later each day. The Moon follows a predictable orbit every month.

Calculating phase

A crescent Moon over Kingman, Arizona

Each of the four intermediate phases lasts approximately seven days (7.38 days on average), but varies slightly due to lunar apogee and perigee.

The number of days counted from the time of the new moon is the Moon’s “age”. Each complete cycle of phases is called a “lunation“.

The approximate age of the Moon, and hence the approximate phase, can be calculated for any date by calculating the number of days since a known new moon (such as January 1, 1900 or August 11, 1999) and reducing this modulo 29.530588853 (the length of a synodic month). The difference between two dates can be calculated by subtracting the Julian day number of one from that of the other, or there are simpler formulae giving (for instance) the number of days since December 31, 1899. However, this calculation assumes a perfectly circular orbit and makes no allowance for the time of day at which the new moon occurred and therefore may be incorrect by several hours. (It also becomes less accurate the larger the difference between the required date and the reference date). It is accurate enough to use in a novelty clock application showing lunar phase, but specialist usage taking account of lunar apogee and perigee requires a more elaborate calculation.

Effect of parallax

The Earth subtends an angle of about two degrees when seen from the Moon. This means that an observer on Earth who sees the Moon when it is close to the eastern horizon sees it from an angle that is about 2 degrees different from the line of sight of an observer who sees the Moon on the western horizon. The Moon moves about 12 degrees around its orbit per day, so, if these observers were stationary, they would see the phases of the Moon at times that differ by about one-sixth of a day, or 4 hours. But in reality, the observers are on the surface of the rotating Earth, so someone who sees the Moon on the eastern horizon at one moment sees it on the western horizon about 12 hours later. This adds an oscillation to the apparent progression of the lunar phases. They appear to occur more slowly when the Moon is high in the sky than when it is below the horizon. The Moon appears to move jerkily, and the phases do the same. The amplitude of this oscillation is never more than about four hours, which is a small fraction of a month. It does not have any obvious effect on the appearance of the Moon. However, it does affect accurate calculations of the times of lunar phases.

Misconceptions

Play mediaThe lunar phase depends on the Moon’s position in orbit around the Earth and the Earth’s position in orbit around the sun. This animation (not to scale) looks down on Earth from the north pole of the ecliptic.

It might be expected that once every month, when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun during a new moon, its shadow would fall on Earth causing a solar eclipse, but this does not happen every month. Nor is it true that during every full moon, the Earth’s shadow falls on the Moon, causing a lunar eclipse. Solar and lunar eclipses are not observed every month because the plane of the Moon’s orbit around the Earth is tilted by about 5° with respect to the plane of Earth’s orbit around the Sun (the plane of the ecliptic). Thus, when new and full moons occur, the Moon usually lies to the north or south of a direct line through the Earth and Sun. Although an eclipse can only occur when the Moon is either new (solar) or full (lunar), it must also be positioned very near the intersection of Earth’s orbital plane about the Sun and the Moon’s orbital plane about the Earth (that is, at one of its nodes). This happens about twice per year, and so there are between four and seven eclipses in a calendar year. Most of these eclipses are partial; total eclipses of the Moon or Sun are less frequent.

++++

++++++++++++++